Secretory hairs

Experiment 8. The observation of the secretory hairs and their secretion Cell-donor of allelochemicals releases the substances out. The process may be seen with the help of LSCM technique as the study of the fluorescence of various external secretory structures. Such structures are glandular cells, which contained many potentially fluorescent substances (Roshchina and Roshchina, 1993). One of the example is shown for secretory leaf hair of allelopathically active species Solidago virgaurea L. (Fig.ll). 

Experiment 1. Visual observation of secretory cells in luminescence microscope Various types of secretory cells in allelopathically active plants contain fluorescing secondary products (Fig. 1). Secretions from the above ground parts of plant (in leaves, flowers, stems) were concentrated in secretory hairs and glands. Whereas secretions of roots are in secretory reservoirs and idioblasts (ordinary cells which accumulate secretory products) or may be released by the secretory surface of the root tip (Fig. 1.). The fluorescence appears to change, when allelopathically active cell of other plant species (cell-donor) interacts with acceptor cell (Roshchina and Melnikova, 1999). 

Fig. 1 The fluorescing images of secretory cells under luminescent microscope. A and B. Blue-fluorescing stinging and non-stinging secretory hairs of Urtica dioica, relatively on stem and leaf C and D - green-yellow-fluorescing leaf glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum, E. - Blue-fluorescing leaf cells of Achillea millefolium F - yellow fluoresced gland of leaf Calendula officinalis., G., H and I -secretory hairs, idioblasts and crystal on the surface on the root of Ruta graveolens, relatively.

Fig. 3 The fluorescence spectra of secretory cells seen on flower, leaf and root of Achilea millefolium (left) and of Gaillardia pulchella (right). Unbroken fatty line - secretory hair unbroken thick line - idioblast broken line - non-secretory cell dotted line - crystal on the surface (secretion).

Secretory hairs of allelopathically active species contain various secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) which may fluoresce in blue-green on the red... 

The bulk of all spices and herbs is cellulose, which contributes nothing to the aroma and flavor of the material. The aromatic profile is largely determined by the essential oil content, quantitatively as a measure of aromatic strength, and qualitatively as a determinant of aromatic character. In most instances, the volatile oil preexists in the plant and is usually contained in special secretory tissues the nature of which is often associated with particular plant families (e.g., Zingiberaceae-oil cells, Umbel-liferae-vittae or oil canals, Labiatae-secretory hairs). For this reason one cannot over generalize on distillation techniques as optimum conditions will vary between different spices. Generally, younger plants produce more oil than older ones but the quality of such oils may lack the fuller aromatic attributes normally associated with... 

Cilia are thin cylindrical hair-like structures with a cross-sectional radius of 0.1 gm projecting from the apical epithelial surface of ciliated columnar cells. Ciliary length is thought to correspond to periciliary fluid depth and range from approximately 7 gm in proximal airways to roughly 5 gm in more distal airways.- Each ciliated epithelial cell supports approximately 200 cilia at a density of eight cilia/gm. Short microvilli, possibly associated with secretory functions, are interspersed among the cilia. 

Fig. 11 The LCSM images of the secretory leaf hair of Solidago virgaurea L. The stack of... 

FIGURE 2 Glandular hairs on surface of pupa of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis. The secretory droplets contain such azamacrolides as ep-ilachnene (27). (Bar = 0.1 mm.)... 

Estradiol is the major secretory product of ovary. Estrogens are required for normal maturation of the female. They stimulate the development of secondary sexual characters e.g. stimulate stromal development, ductal growth in the breast, growth of axillary and pubic hair and alter the distribution of body fat to produce typical female body contours. 

Little is known of the cellular processes that deliver volatile pheromones from secretory cells to the cuticular surface, even in the intensively researched Lepidoptera. Based on results from ultrastructural studies of the moth Heliothis virescens, Raina el al. (2000) recently speculated that secretory cells of the pheromone gland somehow deliver pheromone or its precursors to hollow cuticular hairs. During calling behavior the female exposes the gland and also the cuticular hairs that exude pheromone droplets. Raina et al. (2000) further posit that as the female retracts the ovipositor more pheromone is squeezed onto the exposed surface, thus recharging the cuticular hairs. 

Essential oils occur in plants in specially developed organs of various kinds, e.g. glandular hairs on leaves, stems and flowers. Secretory ducts or cavities (schizogenous or lysigenous) or oil cells may also be present in the plant tissue. 

The production of secretory antibodies in plants represents an important opportunity for the commercialization of plant-derived biopharmaceuticals. Planet Biotechnology is developing two additional secretory antibodies. RhinoRx is under development for the treatment of colds due to rhinovims, which represents about half of aU common colds and over 20 million doctors office visits a year. For the prevention of doxombidn-induced hair loss (alopeda) - a disturbing side effect for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy - Planet Biotechnology is developing DoxoRx. Each year in the US, over 250000 patients receive chemotherapy that results in hair loss. 

Due to its effect on microtubule assembly, this drug has the ability to arrest mitotic cells in metaphase. Particularly affected are rapidly dividing cells, such as those in skin, hair and bone marrow. In addition, the activity of secretory cells is diminished, as movement of secretory substances out of a secretory cell is inhibited. This could potentially affect all systems in the body (e.g., endocrine systems and systems heavily regulated by the autonomic nervous system). In short, this drug is extremely toxic if administered improperly, and could result in fatality. 

Essentials oils are accumulated in cells, secretory cavities or glandular hairs of plants. They are globules with impermeable cells (stomata) whose interior have essentials oils. In the case of citrus, stomata can be observed at first sight because they are macroscopic Apart from superior plants, some land and sea animals, insects, mushrooms and microorganisms are also known for the biosynthesis of similar volatile compounds (Berger, 2007). 

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