Secondary Properties

A method called resultant analysis can be used to measure the receptor blockade produced by an antagonist with secondary properties. 

Aim This procedure can be used to measure the potency of a competitive antagonist (denoted the test antagonist) that has secondary properties that complicate observation of the antagonism. 

Resultant analysis, this procedure, developed by James Black and colleagues (Br. J. Pharmacol. 84,561-571, 1985), allows measurement of the receptor affinity of a competitive antagonist, which has secondary properties that obscure the receptor antagonism see Chapter 6.6 for further discussion. 

Fig. 10 Secondary properties of various suspensions yielding zero dose variation. (From Ref. 16.)... 

Table 9.2-1. Secondary Properties (Relative to Ordinary Soap Bars)...

Secondary Properties of Candidate Materials. In terms of maximum and minimum use temperatures, we must simply ensure that our final candidate materials meet the use temperature requirements listed in Table 8.10. This design specification is not particularly restrictive, so we will save it for last. The most common measure of impact resistance is using an Izod impact test (cf. Figure 5.79). A similar test is called the Charpy test, a schematic diagram for which is shown in Figure 8.15. We will find relevant impact resistance data for our candidate materials, if available, and ensure that this design criterion is met as well. 

Secondary Properties of Candidate Materials. The secondary criteria include a low thermal conductivity to reduce tooth sensitivity, color, adhesion, and... 

Things go very differently in open akrasia. If a desire has some secondary property, such as intensity, which causes it to prevail in spite of its earlier defeat in deliberation, there is not the same automatic... 

If carried out with a good basis set [6-31G(d) or better], the benefits of MPPT, carried out to second order (MP2), include moderate improvements in structures and relative energies and often significant improvement in the values of secondary properties such as dipole moments, vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman absorption intensities, and NMR chemical shifts. Modem quantum chemistry codes such as the GAUSSIAN package incorporate analytical calculation of MP2 forces and force constants. Although it adds substantially to the time required to carry out the calculations, the results of MPPT usually make the extra effort worthwhile. 

At high doses, which secondary property may apply to sertraline ... 

During the past fifteen years, there has been an increasing interest in the NLO properties of organic and polymeric materials (7, 8). This has led to an increased effort aimed at the synthesis of molecular based materials with improved properties for NLO applications ). An important feature of the development of organic NLO materials is the attempt to control the primary NLO properties (the NLO susceptibilities or coefficients) and the secondary properties (solubility, processability, optical clarity, absorption, thermal stability, etc.) through molecular... 

Certain limitations on the performance of a VDR arise from its secondary properties. It has a capacitance derived from its electrodes and its permittivity, and an inductance due to the length of its leads and the area of its electrodes. Its equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.12. 

FIGURE 14.26 Muscarinic antagonism with secondary properties. ACS555213 produces a two-phase effect on acetylcholine response an initial potentiation is followed by a sustained blockade (panels A and B). In panels C and D, the corresponding effects on carbachol are shown these data indicate that the complex effect is seen only with acetylcholine and not the surrogate agonist carbachol. 

Lee CYC (1996) Optimizing secondary properties and EO coeJiTicients of EO polymers. In Kajzar F, Agranovich VM, Lee CYC (eds) Photoactive organic materials Science and application. NATO ASl Series, vol 9, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, p 175... 

Finally, let me examine whether we can be realists about primary properties. Traditionally, the primary properties "really exist" and the secondary properties are not "real" in the same sense (Putnam, 1987, pp. 4-5). Philosophers rely on this distinction to claim shape is always an object of belief. Woolley and Primas rely on it as well. They presuppose a strict derivational reductionism at the level of theory must be satisfied and, failing to find it, claim that shape is "not an object of belief" (cf. Woolley, 1986). In contrast, the physical account I have given suggests that what is "really" there depends on the time scale of the "looking." A particular shape is sometimes there and sometimes not. Thus, one should be a contextual realist about shape. 

Sulphosuccinic acid diesters play a role above all in American polymerization formulations. They are rarely used as principal emulsifiers, but rather to control secondary properties, for example, for the production of highly concentrated low viscosity acrylate dispersions. The branched sodium di-2-ethyl hexyl sulphosuccinate is widely used, combining favourable emulsifier properties with excellent wetting power. Dicyclohexyl sulphosuccinate has a particularly high CMC and a particularly high surface tension [48]. 

The inference engine then begins another search for another ring, repeating the search sequence. All non-ring fragments are also isolated and stored in the knowledge base of the secondary property... 

The characterization of primary particle properties in a particulate system and their correlation with the secondary bulk properties of the system is a problem common to all branches of particle technology. As pointed out above, it is still necessary in powder handling to measure the secondary properties directly and it can be argued, therefore, that particle characterization can be... 

It is well known that particle shape affects many secondary properties relevant to powder handling such as the bulk density, failure properties or particle-gas interaction. For non-spherical particles, the results obtained with different methods of particle size measurement are, in general, not comparable. From the point of view of powder handling, flaky or stringy particles like wood shavings, mica or asbestos fibres are known to be difficult because they interlock and form obstructions to flow. 

Some relationships between particle morphology and powder handling properties are now beginning to emerge10 but direct testing of the relevant secondary properties is still necessary. 

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