Secondary organizing pneumonia

Respiratory More cases of respiratory adverse reactions to leflunomide have been reported, manifesting as interstitial pneumonitis [33" ], diffuse alveolar damage with secondary organizing pneumonia [34" ], and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage [35" ]. A review counted 32 cases of leflunomide-induced pneumonitis (not including the one mentioned above) reported in the English language literature [36 ]. 

Table 3 Causes of Secondary Organizing Pneumonia with Relative Frequencies...

Valle JM, Alvarez D, Antunez J, Valdes L. Bronchiohtis obhterans organizing pneumonia secondary to amiodarone a rare aetiology. Eur Respir J 1995 8(3) 470-1. 

Humans acquire tularemia occasionally via insect vectors, such as the North American tick. In aerosolized form, typhoidal or pneumonic tularemia can be transmitted to an individual by as few as 10 to 50 organisms. Pneumonia following tularemia can kill up to 35 percent of infected individuals. However, secondary infection via breath, from one person in close proximity to another, is extremely rare. With antibiotic treatment, the mortality rate from all forms of tularemia is less than 1 percent. 

Lohr RH, Boland BJ, Douglas WW, et al. Organizing pneumonia. Features and prognosis of cryfptogenic, secondary, and focal variants. Arch Intern Med 1997 ... 

Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is now called cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) when the cause is idiopathic (50). When secondary to a CTD, such as RA or SSc, variable terminology is used. 

The major precipitants of exacerbations of COPD are acute airways infections. The role of bacteria in precipitating exacerbations is controversial. Bacteria may have a primary role in the development of an exacerbation or represent a secondary superinfection of an initial viral process. The major bacterial organisms that have been associated with exacerbations are Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a part. In COPD patients with a FEVi < 35% predicted gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. play an important part in acute exacerbations. 

Bacterial resistance increases with antibiotic usage such that it is difficult to achieve an appropriate balance between antibiotic prescribing and minimizing resistance. Each time antibiotics are administered, the recipient is at increased risk of selection and carriage of resistant organisms that can be passed to others. This can lead to future antibiotic failure. Without antibiotic therapy, however, acute otitis media secondary to S. pneumoniae is less likely to resolve spontaneously than that from other causes. S. pneumoniae is increasingly resistant to penicillin, and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae is more likely to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. ... 

Antibiotic prophylaxis, often with an oral fluoroquinolone, is used to prevent a variety of infections in patients undergoing organ transplantation or receiving cancer chemotherapy. Prophylaxis is recommended for primary and secondary prevention of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients whose CD4 counts are below certain thresholds (e.g., <200 cell/mm for the prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia and <50 cells/mm for prevention of atypical mycobacterial infections). 

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