Second messenger signals

Phosphorylation by protein kinases of specific seryl, threonyl, or tyrosyl residues—and subsequent dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases—regulates the activity of many human enzymes. The protein kinases and phosphatases that participate in regulatory cascades which respond to hormonal or second messenger signals constimte a bio-organic computer that can process and integrate complex environmental information to produce an appropriate and comprehensive cellular response. 

HT3 receptor. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor a receptor for serotonin (a neurotransmitter), which activates a variety of second messenger signaling systems and through them indirectly regulates the function of ion channels. 

Kroner R., Breer H., Singer A. and O Connell R. (1996). Pheromone-induced second messenger signaling in the hamster vomeronasal organ. Neurorep 7, 2989-2992. 

Calcium, a crucial second messenger signalling key changes in cellular metabolism, is also important in muscle activation, in the activation of many proteases, both intra- and extracellular, and as a major component of an range of biominerals, including bone. 

Eukaryotic ABC transport system Phosphotransferase system (PTS) Ion-coupled transport system Signal Transduction Two-component system Bacterial chemotaxis MAPK signaling pathway Second messenger signaling pathway Ligand-Receptor Interaction G-protein-coupled receptors Ion-channel-linked receptors Cytokine receptors Molecular Assembly Ribosome assembly Flagellar assembly Enzyme assembly... 

Ebstein R, Belmaker R, Grunhaus L, et al Lithium inhibition of adrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase in humans. Nature 259 411-413, 1976 Ebstein RP, Hermoni M, Belmaker RH The effect of lithium on noradrenahne-in-duced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain inhibition after chronic treatment and absence of supersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213 161-167, 1980 Ebstein RP, Lerer B, Shlaufman M, et al The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock treatment and chronic lithium feeding on the release of norepinephrine from rat cortical vesicular preparations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 3 191-201, 1983 Ebstein RP, Moscovich D, Zeevi S, et al Effect of lithium in vitro and after chronic treatment on human platelet adenylate cyclase activity prosreceptor modification or second messenger signal amplification. Psychiatry Res 21 221-228, 1987 Eccleston D, Cole AJ Calcium-channel blockade and depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 156 889-891, 1990... 

Bruch, R. C. and Teeter, I. H., Second-messenger signaling mechanisms in olfaction, in Receptor Events and Transduction in Taste and Olfaction, Brand, I. G., Teeter, J. H., Cagan, R., and Kare, M. R., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988, 283. 

Boekhoff I. and Breer H. (1992) Termination of second messenger signaling inolfaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 471 174. 

Boekhoff I., Seifert E., Goggerle S., Lindemann M., Kruger B.-W. and Breer H. (1993) Pheromone-induced second-messenger signaling in insect antennae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 23, 757-762. 

Figure 2.5. A schematic of a p-lactamase reporter cell line that is coupled through a seven transmembrane G-protein—coupled receptor whose second messenger signaling pathway operates through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The G-protein, Gas, activates adenyl cyclase, increasing the concentration of cAMP, which stimulates the production of p-lactamase through cAMP response element.

The effect of 6m and its enantiomers on second-messenger signalling (PI and cAMP) in CHO cells expressing human M[-Mj receptors was also measured (Table 10). Consistent with the results obtained from the cellular metabolism experiments, (/ )-6m and (S)-6m were both found to display very pronounced functional selectivity for... 

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