Scrotal

In 1775 the British surgeon Sir Percivall Pott suggested that scrotal cancer in chim ney sweeps was caused by soot This was the first pro posal that cancer could be caused by chemicals present in the workplace... 

When the testosterone transdermal system Testoderm is prescribed, the nurse places the system on clean, dry scrotal skin. Optimal skin contact of the transdermal system is achieved by dry shaving scrotal hair before placing the system. 

This system is designed for application to scrotal skin only (the astern is five times more permeable to scrotal skin). Testoderm or Testoderm Adhesive will not produce adequate serum testosterone levels if applied to other diin sites... 

The system is worn for 22 to 24 hours, removed, and a new system applied. If the system comes off before it has been on 12 hours, it can be reapplied however, if the system has been on more than 12 hours, the patient may wait until the next scheduled application time to apply a new patch. Before application of a new system, the skin of the scrotum is washed and dried. The nurse periodically checks the scrotum for scrotal hair and dry shaves the area if needed. 

The expression of TRPVl in the bladder is, however, not restricted to afferent nerves urothelium, detrusor muscle and fibroblasts also express TRPVl in the human bladder [140]. The implication of these findings for intravesical vanilloid therapy is unclear [141], but the increase in TRPVl immunoreactivity in the urothelium in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (that occurs in concert with increased TRPVl in bladder af-ferents) is a very intriguing finding [142]. In the male urogenital system, TRPVl is also present in testicles, prostate and scrotal skin [143], and it was postulated that TRPVl ligands may be beneficial in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia [144]. 

Fig. 7.9(b) Chemoinvestigation among Viverrids (c.f. Chap. 3, Heading Fig.) localised, site-specific investigation of skin-gland complexes in Genetta ano-genital (ag), perineal (p), scrotal (st), anal (al), and sub-caudal (sc), [nos. = sniffs (sec.), = % of all observations, frequency and duration.] (from Wemmer, 1977). 

Figure 5 Schematic representation of absorbance of porphyrin compounds in relation to tissue transmittance at various wavelengths (see text). The lowest energy band (Band I) is shown in each case, apart from the porphyrin spectrum (etio type shown) on the left. The transmittance curve refers to a fold of human scrotal sac 0.7 cm thick (Wan, S. Parrish, J. A. Anderson, R. R. Madden, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1981, 34, 679-681). The broad feature at ca. 500-600 nm is ascribed to haemoglobin (reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry from Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 19-33).

In a study of Japanese workers exposed to acrylonitrile, irritation of the conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract was reported. Workers who may have been exposed to particularly high concentrations (inside polymerization tanks) experienced transient irritation of the scrotal skin. No concentrations of acrylonitrile were specified (Sakurai et al. 1978). 

Also, transient irritation of scrotal skin has been noted by workers after entering areas with high ambient acrylonitrile concentrations. Direct contact of acrylonitrile with the skin has resulted in erythema, desquamation and slow healing (Dudley and Neal 1942). In both humans and animals, skin redness has been reported subsequent to acute exposures (Dudley and Neal 1942 Vogel and Kirkendall 1984). 

Testosterone products Transdermal patch (Testoderm TTS, Androderm, Testim) Testoderm (R) with or without adhesive) 5 mg patch applied to arm, back, or thigh every evening (patches 2.5, 4, 5, 6 mgf 6 mg applied to scrotal skin every evening... 

Scrotal pain, inguinal pain, flank pain, urethral discharge... 

We next asked if males use one type of mark over another to advertise their quality as a competitor or potential mate. Comparing rates of shoulder rubbing, wrist marking, and scrotal marking revealed strong differences ( Fi.g = 11 -32,... 

Fig. 8.2 Mean response frequency or duration by (a-c) female, F, and (d-f) male, M, L. catta to conspecific glandular secretions, (a) F sniffing all odorants as a function of her reproductive state (breed > non F 3 =28.57, P =0.013 ). (b) F licking labial odorant as a function of the donors reproductive state (breed > non t =3.00, P= 0.58, n.s.). (c) F frequency and site-specificity of scent marking as a function of odorant type Fs counter marked the unscented dowel in response to scrotal scent, but over-marked scented dowels in response to labial scent (ti = 3.87, P =0.030 ). (d) M response as a function of odorant type (antebrachial was sniffed least = 6.75, P = 0.011 brachial was wrist marked most Fs = 7.16, P = 0.009 ). (e) M...

Fig. 8.3 Gas chromatograms of L. catta (a) labial, (b) scrotal, and (c) brachial secretions...

Despite similarity between the secretions of the two genital glands, differences between the chemical profiles of all three types of secretions emerged in the LDA (Fig. 8.4a). Likewise, reliable seasonal variation appeared in the chemical profiles derived from all three sources (labial Fig. 8.4b scrotal Wilks lambda = 0.018, P <0.01 brachial Wilks lambda = 0.136, P <0.05). We also found the anticipated individual-specific signatures in scent secretions derived from the genital glands (labial Wilks lambda = 0.000, P <0.01 scrotal Fig. 8.4c), but not from... 

Fig. 8.4 Discriminant analyses of the principal chemical components in L. catta scent secretions by (a) gland, (b) season, and (c) individual, (a) Accurate classification of 97.5% of labial, scrotal, and brachial samples in = 77) by gland of origin (Wilks lambda = 0.003 P < 0.001). (b) Reliable differentiation of 100% of labial samples (n = 26) into prebreeding, breeding, and nonbreeding seasons (Wilks lambda = 0.018, P < 0.01). (c) Individual scent signatures in the scrotal secretions from seven males. LDA performed on 17 principal components correctly classified 100% of these samples to the individuals from which they were collected (Wilks lambda = 0.000, P < 0.002)...

Some information (e.g. reproductive state) appears to be contained solely within the chemical matrix of certain marks, particularly within the stable genital secretions. Thus, longer-lasting signals may be broadcast to any animal that comes in contact with labial or scrotal marks. Such a scenario seems particularly applicable to females that scent mark most frequently prior to the onset of estrus cycles, but nonetheless when their sex steroids are on the rise (Drea 2007). Such advertisement may encourage male immigration at a time that would maximize the opportunity of female mate choice, even if the mechanism of, or criteria for, selection remain obscure. 

Modem toxicology has its roots in the occupational environment. The earliest recorded observations relating exposure to chemical substances and toxic manifestations were made about workers. These include Agricola s identification of the diseases of miners and Pott s investigation of scrotal cancer incidence among chimney sweeps. Occupational toxicology, as its name implies, concerns itself with the toxicological implications of exposure to chemicals in the work environment. 

The history of the relationship between environmental agents and cancer is a long one. To begin with, the British surgeon Percival Pott noted in 1775 that young boys employed in London as chimney sweeps suffered an abnormally high frequency of scrotal cancer. Clearly, there was something in the coal tar to which they were exposed in their miserably filthy work that elicited this cancer. 

Tandon et al. (1975) reported no lethality in rats following dermal application of 529 mg thorium/kg body weight (58 nCi/kg = 2146 Bq/kg), daily for 15 days, to the lateroabdominal and scrotal skin. Prior to treatment, the hair was clipped. The area remained uncovered for the duration of treatment. The thorium was administered as thorium nitrate. This NOAEL value is reported in Table 2-3. 

Tandon et al. (1975) applied daily dermal applications of 132.5 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (15 nCi/kg/day = 555 Bq/kg/day), 265 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (29 nCi/kg/day = 1073 Bq/kg/day), or 529 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (58 nCi/kg/day = 2146 Bq/kg/day) to the lateroabdominal and scrotal areas of rats for 15 days. The thorium was administered to skin (hair was clipped) as thorium nitrate, and the area remained uncovered for the duration of treatment. Mild hyperkeratinization of the lateroabdominal skin was found at all exposure levels. At the highest exposure level, mild acanthosis and thickening of the epithelial lining of the lateroabdominal skin were seen. At this level, mild acanthosis, swollen collagen fibers, and foamy dermis were found in the scrotal skin. The value of 15 nCi/kg/day is a less serious LOAEL, and the exposure level of 58 nCi/kg/day is a serious LOAEL for dermal effects in the rat. These values are reported in Table 2-3. 

No studies were located regarding the rate and extent of absorption of thorium following dermal exposure of humans or animals. Absorption of thorium through the skin of animals can be inferred, however, because testicular effects were seen in rats following application of thorium nitrate directly to the lateroabdominal and scrotal skin (Tandon et al. 1975). 

Reproductive Toxicity. No studies were located regarding the reproductive effects of thorium in humans following exposure by any route. Neither inhalation nor oral reproduction studies in animals were located. Pharmacokinetic data following inhalation or oral exposure were not located to allow the prediction of possible reproductive effects. One dermal rat study found testicular effects after administration directly onto the scrotal skin. Additional inhalation, oral, and dermal reproduction studies and multigenerational studies would be helpful in assessing the potential risk to humans. 

Pfiarmacokinetics Repeated applications may lead to percutaneous absorption Absorption is about 36% from scrotal area, 7% from the forehead, 4% from scalp, and 1% from forearm. Metabolized in liver. Excreted in urine. Half-life Unknown,... 

In 1775, Pursevil Pott first noted that the compounds associated with soot caused scrotal cancer in British chimney sweeps (] ). Not having modern methods of Instrumental analysis available to him, Pott was unable to specify the chemical structures of these compounds. It remained until 1933 before Cook et al. identified the exact structure of benzo[a]pyrene and demonstrated its carcinogenicity ( ). Thus, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are one of the few groups of compounds which are known to be carcinogenic to man. 

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