Scientific investigation, basis

This definition has been the basis for an enormous body of scientific investigation into the function and regulation of receptors and mechanisms of drug action. However, final proof of the existence of receptors did not occur until relatively recent applications of modern biochemistry and molecular biology to purify, sequence, clone, and express pure receptor proteins. This lack of proof notwithstanding, the therapeutic basis of many modern, and not so modern, drugs resides in their specific interactions with receptor molecules located in the plasma membrane or cytosol of target cells. In fact, these specific interactions have provided the experimental basis for their discovery and development. 

Work done during this period was severely hampered by the lack of chemical isolation and characterization techniques. However, it was during this time that the foundations for such approaches were developed. Individuals such as Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestly, and Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier were actively investigating the principles of physics, gasses, and chemical isolation. This time period provided the basis for the explosion of scientific investigation and the birth of modern pharmacology that occurred during the next century. 

This chapter deals mainly with the scientific side of this balancing act. As with any scientific investigation, understanding of the mechanisms involved and the repeatability of the processes will be the central issues. Decisions about the types of treatments that will be used to conserve a particular object should be made on the basis of the condition of the object and the way it will be stored or displayed. The funding realities of the project will inevitably be a major concern, but they will not be considered in this chapter. 

Convinced that the establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind ... 

This report is a summary and overview of the scientific investigations of this CRP as carried out in the nine participating countries. The results of corrosion surveillance activities in the individual fuel storage basins of these countries are discussed in detail. On the basis of the knowledge gained from the overall results of this project, a set of Guidelines for Corrosion Protection of Research Reactor Aluminium Clad Spent Nuclear Fuel in Interim Wet Storage were developed and are presented in Chapter 3. 

I now have to direct attention to the area of scientific investigation on the structure of atoms and molecules for the sake of economy of time and effort, I am obliged to lift from those tremendous achievements the concept of mframolecular electron density pattern. The distribution of electron density is in a state of flux but on a time-averaged basis, there appears to be a mean structure or state of distribution. ... 

The catalytic community of the world records with sorrow the death of Sir Hugh Taylor, an active practitioner of the art of catalysis, an imaginative investigator of its scientific basis, an inspiring teacher of many, many catalytic chemists and physicists, and a leader in the field of catalysis for fifty years. 

The seeond step is the investigation of students eoneeptions. Here, the model foeuses on the basie conceptions and not on isolated ideas eoneeming singular phenomena. The main questions here coneem (1) the nature of basic conceptions, (2) the use of seientifie language and terminology, (3) students ideas about seience and (4) possible eorrespondences and/or cfilferenoes between students ideas and scientific conceptions. One of the main ideas of the model is to confront students conceptions in a positive way. The cracial point is to eonsider their explanatory potential rather than their limitations. 

With these theories, the theoretical gap in the explanation of physical properties was closed and scientific micro-macro thinking was set on a firm empirical basis. Further investigations refined the theories, bnt the main gnidelines were laid. 

For the reasons described, no specific test will be advanced here as being superior, but Huber s model and the classical one for z = 2 and z = 3 are incorporated into program HUBER the authors are of the opinion that the best recourse is to openly declare all values and do the analysis twice, once with the presumed outliers included, and once excluded from the statistical analysis in the latter case the excluded points should nonetheless be included in tables (in parentheses) and in graphs (different symbol). Outliers should not be labeled as such solely on the basis of a fixed (statistical) rule the decision should primarily reflect scientific experience. The justification must be explicitly stated in any report cf. Sections 4.18 and 4.19. If the circumstances demand that a mle be set down, it is best to use a robust model such as Huber s its sensitivity for the problem at hand, and the typical rate for false positives, should be investigated by, for example, a Monte... 

Alchemical antimony preparations investigated on a contemporary scientific basis. .. Alchem Lab Bulls, no. 25 (Q4 1965) 297-299. f http //www.spagyria.com/alb.zipl. 

The present section on ES method and mechanism and MS detection is based on two previous reviews of the subject316,36 and the reader interested in details and additional references in the literature might find these reviews useful. In the present account, we include information aimed at the investigator who is interested in performing physical measurements on ions produced by ES. We became convinced that a minimum of mechanistic information is necessaiy, on the basis of a personal experience. Some years ago, we persuaded a scientific colleague working with molecular beams to try to study ions produced by ES. He was enthusiastic about the possibilities and took off with modifications of his apparatus. Some months later he reported his disappointment. He needed the ions to be in helium gas and tried ES in helium. He saw no ions and gave up. We hope that the present account will show him why he could not observe ions in He and how to go about to obtain ions in helium. 

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