Science synthetic chemicals

Silent Spring was immensely popular and influential. Carson s work almost single-handedly created modern society s fears about synthetic chemicals in the environment and, among other things, fostered renewed interest in the science of toxicology. It also helped pave the way for the introduction of several major federal environmental laws in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and for the creation of the EPA in 1970. 

Ames, B. N., Profet, M., and Gold, L. S. (1990). Nature s chemicals and synthetic chemicals comparative toxicology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87, 7782-7786. 

The issues examined in this chapter, concerned with science, technology and the role of technological innovation in economic prosperity, are all important in the particular area of technology that I will turn to next the manufacture and use of synthetic chemicals. The importance of science here is obvious, not only in the... 

Science obviously plays an important role in chemicals policy. The synthetic chemicals industry is an outcome of the science of chemistry. Many more sciences — including biochemistry, toxicology, epidemiology and atmospheric chemistry — are important in our knowledge of the effects of chemicals. As I argued... 

Overall, our analyses have shown that HERP values for some historically high exposures in the workplace—to butadiene and tetrachloroethylene—and to some pharmaceuticals—clolibrate —rank high, and that there is an enormous background of naturally occurring rodent carcinogens in typical portions of common foods. The background of natural exposures casts doubt on the relative importance of low-dose exposures to residues of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides. (A committee of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences reached similar conclusions about natural vs. synthetic chemicals in the diet, and called for further research on natural chemicals.) 16... 

The National Research Council (NRC) of the US National Academy of Sciences recently concluded that the cancer risks posed by naturally occurring chemicals in the food supply were considerably greater than the risks from synthetic chemicals such as pesticides (NRC, 1996). 

Scholars have linked the rise of modern environmentalism to a broader cultural shift toward postmaterialist values that accompanied the rise of an increasingly mobile, educated, and consumerist middle class (Hayes 1987 Ingle-hart 1990). Yet as Christopher Sellers (1997 11) has observed, those values would have remained empty without the new validity and concreteness that science brought to the threat of industrial chemicals. As he and others have shown (Gunter and Harris 1998 Palladino 1996 Potter 1997 Whorton 1975), concerted efforts among government and university scientists to better understand the environmental and health effects of synthetic chemicals anticipated the Earth Day mobilizations by decades. 

Synthetic worlds nature, art and the chemical industry 1. Art and science 2. Chemical industry - Social aspects 3. Nature (Aesthetics)... 

The exact nature of the environmental hazards generated by the release of various synthetic chemicals into the environment is under constant debate. There is little doubt that this debate will continue until science unequivocally resolves the uncertainties in toxicological data (exposure, fate, and transport) and risk analyses. 

The fundamental problem facing us in this book is that the political and legal regulatory systems that developed are completely focused on synthetic chemicals. These products of modern technology must be scrutinized by the most advanced science since the dawn of civilization so that the public health... 

Chemistry is based on a posteriori principles only. Sciences like chemistry are rational (because they use logical reasoning), though not proper sciences, because they miss the basis of the synthetic a priori. Chemistry can be a systematic art or experimental study (4 468), but never a proper science, because chemical phenomena do not lend themselves to the mathematical treatment connecting them to the a priori a doctrine of nature will contain only so much science proper as there is applied mathematics in it. 5 Probably the most famous quote on chemistry from Kant is the following 6... 

As outlined in Chapter 2, ECD are chemicals that can cause hormonal related diseases and dysfunctions that can be effective even at very low levels (at parts per trillion, levels at which most chemicals have never been tested). ECD became a significant focus of environmental science and medicine in recent years because of its critical importance in heath. A wide range of chemicals, both natural compounds (phytoestrogens) and some synthetic chemicals (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, certain preservatives and metal ions, even certain woods) are all suspected of being capable of endocrine disruption in humans. 

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