Schizophrenia residual

Residual schizophrenia Simple schizophrenia Residual type... 

In summary, antipsychotic drugs have a significant impact on the acute resolution and the maintenance of remission of symptoms of schizophrenia, enabling focus on rehabilitation efforts directed at residual cognitive, social, and occupational disabilities. The... 

In DSM-IV parlance, schizophrenia patients at this stage would most likely be diagnosed with residual type schizophrenia. 

When approaching the treatment of schizophrenia, it is best to view the illness in one of four distinct phases prodromal phase, acute phase, maintenance phase, and residual phase. Let us take a look at the treatment options at each of these phases of the illness. 

However, when there is clear evidence of persistent illness or when the patient endures several acute episodes of illness, treatment shonld be indefinite and probably lifelong. Except in the residual phases of illness, discontinuing antipsychotic medication exposes the schizophrenia patient to a serious risk of relapse. However, there is evidence that gradually decreasing the dose of antipsychotic in 4 week intervals can still provide good protection from relapse while lowering the risk of side effects. 

In the residual phase, the patient is unlikely to have an acute exacerbation even if (s)he stops taking an antipsychotic. Nevertheless, (s)he may still require treatment for residual symptoms. If medications are continued during a residual phase of schizophrenia, an atypical antipsychotic is preferred. Because positive symptoms are no longer a prominent aspect of the illness, there is usually little justification for using a typical antipsychotic and thereby exposing a patient to the risk of tardive dyskinesia. Moreover, atypical antipsychotics likely better treat the remaining negative symptoms of residnal schizophrenia. 

Patients with this condition manifest the symptoms of an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia, with symptoms lasting at least one month, but they make a complete recovery, with the prodromal, active, and residual phases remitting in less than 6 months. 

Williams JH, Wellman NA, Geaney DP, Cowen PJ, Feldon J, Rawlins JWP (1998) Residual latent inhibition in people with schizophrenia an affect of psychosis or of its treatment. Br J Psych 772 243-249. 

Schizophrenia is an endogenous psychosis of episodic character in most cases, recovery is incomplete (residual defects, burned-out end stage). The different forms of schizophrenic illness will not be considered here. From a therapeutic perspective, it is relevant to differentiate between... 

In other studies, volunteers previously dependent on amphetamines were dosed to a level at which amfetamine psychosis was produced, in order to examine the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of amfetamine and its possible relation to schizophrenia (64,65). Psychosis was induced by moderately high doses of amfetamine and the psychotic symptoms were often a replication of the chronic amfetamine psychosis, raising the question of whether the establishment of chronic stimulant psychosis leaves residual vulnerability to psychosis precipitated by stimulants. The mechanism might be similar to that which operates in the reverse tolerance that has been seen in experimental animals (66). In some cases an underlying psychosis can be precipitated an increase in schizophrenic symptoms (SED-8, 12) was observed in 17 actively ill schizophrenic patients after a single injection of amfetamine. 

For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, these three phases must last more than six months and must not be due to a mood disorder. Three types of schizophrenia are delineated catatonic (prominent movement disorder), disorganized (severe thought disorganization), and paranoid (prominent paranoid delusions with mild disorganization of thinking). Undifferentiated and residual types are categories for those who do not fit the above three types but have a mix of features. 

Kaiser R, Tremblay PB, Schmider J, Henneken M, Dettling M, Muller-Oerlinghausen B et al (2001) Serotonin ttansporter polymorphisms no association with response to antipsychotic treatment, but associations with the schizo-paranoid and residual subtypes of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 6 179-185... 

Schizophrenia A major mental disorder lasting more than 6 months and characterized in part by thought disturbances, misinterpretations of reality, mood change (including blunted affect and inappropriate moods), communication problems (poverty of speech and coherence), and bizarre, withdrawn, or regressive behaviors. The five subtypes are disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual. 

Goff DC, McEvoy JP, Citrome L, MechAW, Bustillo JR, Gil R, et al. Fligh-dose oral ziprasidone versus conventional dosing in schizophrenia patients with residual symptoms the ZEBRAS study. J CHn Psychopharmacol 2013 33(4) 485-90. 

The O-methylation of 5HT to melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyl 5HT) occurs in the pineal. However, nothing specific is known about its formation in schizophrenia though it may have significant effects on behaviour [53, 396]. The possibility that N-methylation of 5HT to N-methyl 5HT and NN-dimethyl 5HT (bufotenine) can occur in the brain is of great interest as most psychotoxic indoles contain an NN-dimethyltryptamine residue [397, 398]. An N-methyl transferase able to... 

---