Latent inhibition

Caggiula AR, Donny EC, et al (2002) Environmental stimuli promote the acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 163(2) 230-237 Caldarone BJ, Duman CH, et al (2000) Pear conditioning and latent inhibition in mice lacking the high afiBnity subclass of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Neuropharmacology 39(13) 2779-2784... 

Weiner, 1., Tarrasch, R., Hasson, O., et al. (1994) The effects of chronic administration of ceronapiil on the partial reinforcement extinction effect and latent inhibition in rats. Behav. Pharmacol., 5, 306-314. 

The first true latent inhibitor for ADH (i.e. an inhibitor produced by the catalytic act of the enzyme that is time dependent) was reported as being the substituted allyl alcohol, 3-ethylthioprop-2-en-l-ol.1428 This is a substrate for LADH, but after a short period the enzyme loses its activity, the rate of deactivation being proportional to the concentration of the alcohol. Latent inhibition was confirmed by showing directly that the aldehyde is an inhibitor. A mechanism is proposed in which the aldehyde formed reacts with an unspecified nucleophilic site on the enzyme with subsequent protonation.1429... 

Leng A, Ouagazzal A, Feldon J, Higgins GA. Effect of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonists Ro04-6790 and Ro65-7199 on latent inhibition and prepulse inhibition in the rat comparison to clozapine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003 75 281-288. 

Baruch I, Hemsley DR, Gray JA. Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988 176 598-606. 

Moser PC, Hitchcock JM, Lister S, Moran PM. The pharmacology of latent inhibition as an animal model of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2000 33 275-307. 

Rimer M, Barrett DW, Maldonado MA, Vock VM, and Gonzalez-Lima F. 2005. Neuregulin-1 immunoglobulinlike domain mutant mice Clozapine sensitivity and impaired latent inhibition. Neuroreport 16(3) 271-275. 

Murphy CA, Pezze M, Feldon J, Heidbreder C (2000) Differential involvement of dopamine in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens in the expression of latent inhibition to an aversively conditioned stimulus. 

Weiner I (1990) Neural substrates of latent inhibition the switching model. Psychol Bull 703(3)442-461. 

Weiner I, Gal G, Rawlins JN, Feldon J (1996) Differential involvement of the shell and core subterritories of the nucleus accumbens in latent inhibition and amphetamine-induced activity. Behav Brain Res 57(1—2) 123—133. 

Young AMJ, Joseph MH, Gray JA (1993) Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 54 5-9. 

Three other main test paradigms have been used that appear to expose the possible attentional dysfunction following manipulations of DA-ergic function latent inhibition prepulse inhibition and continuous performance (the five-choice serial reaction time task) - all notable for their correspondence to similar tests for human subjects. Curiously, the main emphasis of these investigations has been on mesolimbic rather than mesostriatal systems. 

Other data have been interpreted to indicate that the nucleus accumbens is an important site for LI. In the original experiment Solomon and Staton (1982) demonstrated impaired latent inhibition following chronic ventral rather than dorsal striatal infusions of amphetamine, though they employed an active avoidance rather than a conditioned suppression procedure which may have been more compatible with psychomotor stimulant effects. Gray et al. (1995) reported in a review data indicating that mesolimbic DA depletion appeared to facilitate latent inhibition, also consistent with the results of microdialysis studies and the effects of DA receptor antagonists, described above (Gray et al., 1995). 

Ellenbroek BA, Knobbout DA, Cools AR (1997) The role for mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA in latent inhibition as measured with the conditioned taste aversion paradigm. Psychopharmacology 729 112-120. 

Killcross AS, Robbins TW (1993) Differential-effects of intraaccumbens and systemic amphetamine on latent inhibition using an on-base-line, within-subject conditioned suppression paradigm. Psychopharmacology 110 419-489. 

Killcross AS, Dickinson A, Robbins TW (1994a) Amphetamine-induced abolition of latent inhibition are reinforcer-mediated Implications for animal models of schizophrenic attentional dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 775 185-195. 

Killcross AS, Dickinson A, Robbins TW (1994b) Effects of the neuroleptic alpha-flupentixol on latent inhibition in aversively-motivated and appetitively-motivated paradigms Evidence for DA-reinforcer interactions. Psychopharmacology 775 196-205. 

Weiner I, Feldon J, Katz J (1987) Facilitation of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by haloperidol in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 241-246. 

Wilkinson LS, Killcross AS, Humby T, Hall FS, Geyer MA, Robbins TW (1994) Social isolation produces developmentally-specific deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response but does not disrupt latent inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology 70 61-72. 

Williams JH, Wellman NA, Geaney DP, Feldon J, Cowen PJ, Rawlins JNP (1997) Haloperidol enhances latent inhibition in visual tasks in healthy people. Psychopharmacology 755 262-268. 

Latent Inhibition. Latent inhibition (LI) is like PPI but includes a greater cognitive component. It is a retarded acquisition of a conditioned response that occurs when a subject is exposed to the conditioning stimulus before the conditioningtrials (164,165). Deficits in LI reflect the inability of the subject to ignore irrelevant stimuli and have been demonstrated in many (164-167), but not all (168), studies of schizophrenic patients. Like PPL latent inhibition has been demonstrated... 

R. E. Lubow, Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Attention Theory, University Press, Cambridge, 1989. 

Bruno K. J., Freet C. S., Twining R. C., Egami K., Grigson P. S. and Hess E. J. 2007. Abnormal latent inhibition and impulsivity in coloboma mice, a model of ADHD. Neurobiol. Dis. 25 206-216... 

---