Schematic Diagram of the Experimental Setup

The voltage developed in the crystal detector can be considered as the sum of two reflected microwave signals. One is the sum of all fixed reflections in the trans- 

In terms of the Doppler effect [discovered in 1842 by -C. Doppler (1803-1853)], the frequency of the voltage from the crystal detector can be considered as the Doppler shift in frequency f given by 

The wavelength of the microwaves in the sample was usually determined by observing the number of peaks in the voltage from the crystal detector as the shock front traversed a sample of known length. When multiple modes of propagation were present in the sample, the voltage from the crystal detector appeared modulated because the modes had different wavelengths 

For determination of growth to detonation in expls as acceptors AP (Ammonium Perchlorate), Comp C-4, and Pentolite were used and as donor charges Pentolite pellets. As barrier (gap) material Plexiglas disks were used 

In examination of Pentolite, the following values were determined Plexiglas gap, Time to detonation, Distance to detonation, Final velocity in Plexiglas and Initial velocity in acceptor. For example, for gap 0.798 inches, Time to detonation 2.5 /tfiec, Distance 8.8 mm, Final vel in Plexiglas 3.8 mm/psec, Initial vel in acceptor was 3.4 mm/nsec. Other values were 0.812 in, 

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Modified ARC Experiments. Pressure and temperature data at pre-exotherm temperatures may be collected by running the ARC under modified conditions. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup of a modified ARC apparatus is shown in Figure 1. 

The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 2 and the experimental conditions are shown in Table 2. Each gas was controlled its flow rate by a mass flow controller and supplied to the module at a pressure sli tly higher than the atmospheric pressure. Absorbent solution was suppUed to the module by a circulation pump. A small amount of absorbent solution, which did not permeate the membrane, overflowed and then it was introduced to the upper part of the permeate side. Permeation and returning liquid fell down to the reservoir and it was recycled to the feed side. The dry gas through condenser was discharged from the vacuum pump, and its flow rate was measured by a digital soap-film flow meter. The gas composition was determined by a gas chromatograph (Yanaco, GC-2800, column Porapak Q for CO2 and (N2+O2) analysis, and molecular sieve 5A for N2 and O2 analysis). The performance of the module was calculated by the same procedure reported in our previous paper [1]. 

FIG. 2 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. T, glass tube W, water phase NB, nitrobenzene PD, photodiode AMP, preamplifier FFT, FFT analyzer. 

Figure 28. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for simultaneous measurements of anode/cathode species, current, and high-frequency resistance (HFR) distributions in an operating cell. ...

Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for measuring amounts of liquid water and water vapor in the air cathode exhaust at a close point of cathode exit of an operating DMFC stack.

Fig. 16.5 (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup, (b) Energy diagram of the Na atom showing the levels populated by the stepwise laser excitation and the microwave transitions, (c) Sketch of the sequence of events experienced by the Na atoms (from... 

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup (a) Process diagram (all dimensions in centimeter) (b) packing element (c) liquid distributor. DP, differential pressure transmitter FI, flow indicator TI, temperature indicator.

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the experimental setup. The test section is a horizontal rectangular channel 40 mm in height (H), 160 mm in width (W), and 6,000 mm in length (L). The rectangular channel is completely constructed of transparent acrylic resin, as shown in Figure 2. Tap water and air are used as the gas and liquid phases, respectively. Water is circulated by a 2.2 kW pump fed by a water reservoir 4.2 m away. Air bubbles are injected into the horizontal channel from the upper inner surface of the channel. An array of capillary needles produces bubbles 10-100 mm in length. Before the air and water are mixed, their volumetric flow rates are measured. After leaving the horizontal channel, the gas-liquid mixture is dumped into a tank that acts as a bubble remover when the liquid phase is recirculated it is free of bubbles. At the end of the horizontal channel tracer particles are added to the water to act as ultrasound reflectors. The mean particle diameter is 200 pm and the particle density is 1020 kg/m3. These tracer particles are assumed to...

Fig. 12.1. a Schematic diagram of the experimental setup (1) the off-axis //3 parabolic mirror, (2) the laser beam, (3) the specially designed pulsed conical nozzle, (4) the cluster gas jet, (5) the focusing spectrometer with the spherically bent mica crystal, (6) the vacuum-compatible X-ray CCD camera, (7) the ion detector for TOF measurements, b Typical X-ray CCD image measured at an intensity of... 

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup to split the incoming laser pulse into 5 separate pulses with the two adjustable time delays. 

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup depicting the APS bunched synchrotron radiation, the electromagnetic undulator on beamline 4-ID-C, the spherical grating monochromator and the XPS end station...

The original ESI experiments of Dole were continued by Fenn [21-22], implementing molecular beam technology. The liquid is electrosprayed into a bath gas. The dispersion of ions, solvent vapour, and bath gas is expanded into a vacuum chamber, forming a supersonic jet, the core of which is sampled to an MS system by means of a skinmier. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 5.2. 

Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for laser desorption with jet cooling and postionization. Abbreviations sb, sample bar sk, skimmer g, ion source grids m, moveable mirror pd, photodiode mcp, multichannel plate detector LiF, plano-convex lithium fluoride lens c, annular cooler h, annular heater w, fused silica window al, achromatic lens.

FIGURE 8.3 A schematic diagram of the experimental setup for performing photo and thermal WGS reactions. (Taken from Figure 1 ofS.C. Tsai, C.C. Kao, Y.W. Chung, J. Catal. 79 (1983)451.)... 

Fig. 39.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). The system is comprised of an atomizer, a burner and a particle collecting system...

Fig. 9.11 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Reproduced with permission from [111]. Copyright 2008, Elsevier...

Figure 14.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for ultrasonic measurements by the immersion method. P, pulser Tl, transmitting transducer T2, receiving transducer S, sample a, incident ultrasonic beam b, refracted beam of longitudinal wave c, refracted beam of transverse wave d, transmitted beams. Sample and transducers immersed in silicone oil within the tank (LT). AT, attenuator AM, wide band amplifier CRO, oscilloscope CTR, time interval counter Si, triggering signal for CRO and start signal for the counter S2, signal viewed on CRO and stop signal for the counter. (Adapted from [4] by permission of Elsevier Science Ltd.)...

Figure 11.6. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. A, outer vessel B, inner vessel C, glass joint D, capillary E, stop cock.

Let us consider the schematic diagram of the experimental setup (Fig. 11.6). Let Pi denote the pressure in the inner chamber and P2 denote the pressure in the outer chamber containing a liquid of lower density. Fluid flow across the capillary is mainly responsible for generating oscillations. The upward flow is opposed by the viscosity of heavier fluid in the inner vessel, while the downward flow is opposed by buoyancy. The buoyancy depends on the density difference Pi — Pf where Pi and P2 are the densities of heavier liquid and lighter liquid, respectively. This is so since the magnitude of the buoyancy force would depend on the difference of vertical components of fluid force on the upper and lower sides of the capillary. This is turn would depend on the pressure difference sP = Pi-P2. The density of the denser fluid in the capillary due to partial mixing would depend on the pressure difference. 

FIGURE 31.3 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for electrostatic droplet generation. (From Bugarski, B., Amsden, B., Neufeld, R., Poncelet, D., and Goosen, M.F.A., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 72, 517-522, 1994. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 6.3 A schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the gas permeation and liquid entry pressure of water tests. (From Qtaishat, M., Khayet, M., and Matsuura, T., J. Memb. Sci., 341, 139-148, 2009c. With permission.)... 

Hgure 4 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the study of matrix ion-suppression effects in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. (Based on Bonfiglio R et at. (1999) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13 1175.)... 

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup H. C. = helical coil, P = pump, V, Vg = valves.

Fig. 2.18 (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for retrieving a nanophotonic code, and (b) basic retrieval results... 

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