Schafer technique

Andres and coworkers demonstrated the iCP of densely packed alkanethiolate-functionalized Au nanoparticle arrays in monolayer and multilayer structures.81,82 Dense and hexagonally packed monolayers of nanoparticles were first assembled on a water surface. By using the Langmuir-Schafer technique, the Au nanoparticle monolayer was transferred to a PDMS stamp, and printed onto a substrate. Multilayers were prepared by repeating the printing process in an LbL scheme, in which subsequent particle layers may be made up of the same or different types of particles. Similarly, the assembly of irregular, densely packed monolayers of polystyrene nanoparticles on iCP substrates via carbodiimide coupling was reported.83 The conformal contact of the carbodiimide-functionalized polystyrene particles resulted in the covalent attachment of the nanoparticles at a carboxylate-functionalized surface. 

The ABC film was prepared from amphiphilic dye p-nonyl-amino-p -carboxyazobenzene whose molecule contains an azobenzene chromophore, a polar head (-COOH) with electron acceptor properties and hydrophobic tail (-NHC9H19) with electron donor properties. In this work, as earlier [12], we used an X-type LB film consisting of 30 monolayers transferred onto an ITO covered glass substrate by the Schafer technique at surface pressure 3-5 mN/m. The thiekness of the film estimated from the optical absorbance at A,=460nm and by AFM measurements is 40nm. 

Schafer, K. (ed.) (1999) Spectroscopic Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring Techniques, SPIE Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. 

Schafer, L. 1991. The Mutation of Chemistry The Rising Importance of Ab Initio Computational Techniques in Chemical Research. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 230, 5-11. 

Variations in local geometries of organic compounds are often subtle and below the resolution of most experimental structural techniques. Thus, the full extent of structural variability was at first not so much apparent from experimental structural studies, but from ab initio gradient optimized geometries (Schafer 1982G, 1983G). 

A more powerful technique for analysing the Fourier transformed signals begins with cepstral filtering (Oppenheim and Schafer 1975). The logarithm is taken of the modulus of each of the two equations, and the first is subtracted from the second to give... 

Schafer, W., Vaisanen, J. and Pihala, M. 2001. Technique of Green Mulch Spreading. Agricultural Engineering Research, MTT Agrifood Research, Vakola. 

J. Mauritsson, T. Remetter, M. Swoboda, K. Kliinder, A. L HuiUier, K.J. Schafer, et al., Attosecond electron spectroscopy using a novel interferometric pump-probe technique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 053001. 

A variety of techniques are used to take advantage of these factors in order to discover previously unknown mutations and polymorphisms. Two excellent reviews of these technologies have been published by Cotton (2) and Schafer and Hawkins (3). The following list outlines several of these techniques and a selection of their related methods. 

Refs. [i] Steckhan E (1996) Electroorganic synthesis. In Kissinger PT, Heineman WR (eds) Laboratory techniques in analytical chemistry, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 641-682 [ii] Jorissen J (2004) Practical aspects of preparative scale electrolysis. In Bard AJ, Stratmann M, Schafer HJ (eds) Organic electrochemistry. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol. 8. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 29... 

In addition, the decomposition of the carboxyl groups was studied by measuring the carboxylate concentrations in the chars after pyrolysis. The technique to determine the carboxyl group content is outlined in detail elsewhere (11), and is based on the work of Schafer (17). There are three basic steps involved acid washing, exchange with barium acetate and determination of the extent of exchange. 

The equilibrium reaction Si(cr) + SlBr (g) = 2 SiBrgCg) was studied by Schafer et al. ( ) and Wolf and Herbst (2). Both investigators used a flow technique in an argon atmosphere. A 2nd and 3rd law analysis of their results (reported only in equation form) is summarized below. As in the case of SiCl- ( ), there is acceptable agreement between these two studies. 

R Lomolder, HJ Schafer. Angew Chem 99 1282, 1987 Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 26 1253, 1987. JHP Utley. In Technique of Electroorganic Synthesis, part I (NL Weinberg, ed.). New York Wiley, 1974, p 820. 

Schafer, R.B., Paschke, A., Vrana, B., Mueller, R. and Liess, M., 2008b. Water Res., 42, 2707. Smedes, F., 2007. Monitoring of chlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by passive sampling in concert with deployed mussels. In Greenwood, R., Mills, G.A. and Vrana, B. (eds), Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Series, Barcelo D (series ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 407-48. 

Teppen, B.J., D.M. Miller, S.Q. Newton, and L. Schafer. 1994. Choice of computational techniques and molecular models for ab initio calculations pertaining to solid silicates. J. Phys. Chem. 98 12545-12557. 

Schafer U, Anke M and Seifert M (2001) Manganese intake of adults with mixed and vegetarian diets and of breast-feeding and not breast-feeding women determined with the duplicate portion technique. In Ermidou S, and Pollet S, eds. 3 International Symposium on Trace Elements in Human New Perspectives, pp. 248 -262. Moro-giannis Achamai, Greece. 

The technique of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations has evolved strongly in the past few decades (Hehre et aL, 1986), and emerges with present-day computer capacity as a viable alternative to experiment for determining geometries and conformational energies of small molecules (see e.g. Schafer et al., 1985, and earlier papers by Schafer et al). 

From the classical perspective, the decision maker is concerned with determining the likelihood that a hypothesis is true. Bayesian inference is the best-known technique, but signal detection theory, and fundamentally different approaches such as the Dempster-Schafer method, have seen application. Each of these approaches is discussed below. 

Alteration of the position of the whole patient (prone vs. the standard recumbent position, in both cases on a hard surface) is an anecdotal technique, which may have its roots in the classic Schafer [53] technique of artificial ventilation. This technique has the suggested advantage of no mouth-to-mouth contact and cleared airway, with ventilation caused by the chest compressions, which are bilateral on the lower ribs. By impHcation, prone CPR may be included in the thoracic pump school. Recently, the use of the prone CPR position has been reported due to dictation by positioning for a surgical procedure [54], as well as on potential psychological merits [55]. 

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