Scanning tunneling microscopy electrodes

Fig. VIII-2. Scanning tunneling microscopy images illustrating the capabilities of the technique (a) a 10-nm-square scan of a silicon(lll) crystal showing defects and terraces from Ref. 21 (b) the surface of an Ag-Au alloy electrode being electrochemically roughened at 0.2 V and 2 and 42 min after reaching 0.70 V (from Ref. 22) (c) an island of CO molecules on a platinum surface formed by sliding the molecules along the surface with the STM tip (from Ref. 41).

Matsumoto H, Inukai J and Ito M 1994 Structures of copper and halides on Pt(111), Pt(IOO) and Au(111) electrode surfaces studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy J. Eiectroanai. Chem. 379 223-31... 

Section 6.2.1 offers literature data on the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors from ionic liquids and briefly introduces basic considerations for electrochemical experiments. Section 6.2.2 describes new results from investigations of process at the electrode/ionic liquids interface. This part includes a short introduction to in situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. 

Film-forming chemical reactions and the chemical composition of the film formed on lithium in nonaqueous aprotic liquid electrolytes are reviewed by Dominey [7], SEI formation on carbon and graphite anodes in liquid electrolytes has been reviewed by Dahn et al. [8], In addition to the evolution of new systems, new techniques have recently been adapted to the study of the electrode surface and the chemical and physical properties of the SEI. The most important of these are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, NMR, EPR, calorimetry, DSC, TGA, use of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCMB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

M. Makri, C.G. Vayenas, S. Bebelis, K.H. Besocke, and C. Cavalca, Atomic Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging of Pt Electrodes Intefaced with P"-A1203, Ionics 2, 248-253 (1996). 

Electrochemistry is the basis of many important and modem applications and scientific developments such as nanoscale machining (fabrication of miniature devices with three dimensional control in the nanometer scale), electrochemistry at the atomic scale, scanning tunneling microscopy, transformation of energy in biological cells, selective electrodes for the determination of ions, and new kinds of electrochemical cells, batteries and fuel cells. 

Scanning tunnel microscopy (STM) was chosen as a tool for realization of this task (Wilkins et al. 1989). CdS nanoparticles were formed in a bilayer of cadmium arachidate deposited onto the surface of freshly cleaved graphite (Erokhin et al. 1995a). The graphite was used as the first electrode. Initially, STM was used for locahzing the position of the particles. Eigure 28 shows the images of different areas of the sample. The particles are vis-... 

Adsorption of formaldehyde on Pt (111) and Pt(lOO) electrodes cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunneling microscopy. Langmuir, 21, 4964—4970. 

Herrero E, Leliu JM, Wieckowski A. 1999. Scanning tunneling microscopy images of ruthenium submonolayers spontaneously deposited on a Pt(lll) electrodes. Langmuir 15 4944. 

As mentioned above, the methods based on detection of electrons or ions or probing the electrode surface by these particles are generally handicapped by the necessity to move the studied electrode into vacuum, i.e. to work ex-situ. There are, however, two important exceptions to this rule electrochemical mass spectrometry and electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy. 

Oxide-Covered Metal Electrodes Scanning Tunneling Microscopy A Natural 21... 

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF METAL ELECTRODES... 

N. Kuiiyama, D. Chartouni, M. Tsukahara, K. Takahashi, H.T. Takeshita, H. Tanaka, L. Schlapbach, T. Sakai, I. Uehara, Scanning tunneling microscopy in situ observation of phase-selective cathodic hydrogenation of a V-Ti-Ni-based multiphase alloy electrode, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 1 (1998) 37-38. 

A detailed electrochemical study of Ni(l 11) electrodes in H2SO4 solution in conjunction with in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and in situ surface X-ray scattering methods (SXS, x-ray diffraction and x-ray reflectivity) was carried out by Scherer et al. [18]. 

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 787. 1157 bioelectrochemistry and, 1159 electrochemistry and. 1158 electrodeposition and. 1310 nanotechnology, 1345 piezoelectric crystal, 1158 tunneling current. 1157 underpotential deposition, 1313, 1315 Scavanger electrolysis, electrodeposition, 1343 Schlieren method, diffusion layer. 1235 Schmickler, 1495,1510 Schrodinger equation, 1456, 1490 Schultze 923,1497.1510 Screw dislocation, 1303, 1316, 1321, 1326 Secondary reference electrode, 815, 1109 Self-consumed electrode, 1040 Semiconductors... 

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