Scaling, Up or Down

Main Advantages Simple fabrication most common inexpensive easy to modify hole size easy to scale up or down easy to clean can be flat, concave, convex, or double dished ports are easily shrouded. 

A general flowchart is presented in Fig. 13.5B that we followed for identifying and sorting inhibitors of translation. Shown below is an in vitro translation protocol tailored for ten 96-well assay plates (800 compounds), which can be scaled up or down as required. Negative and positive controls are present in wells A1 to D1 and El to HI, respectively. Compounds are added to wells A2 to Hll. Column 12 is left blank and could be used for additional controls, if desired. 

The quantities have been worked out so that each batch can be made from one 1.5 kg retail bag of flour. The recipes can obviously be scaled up or down as required. 

The ergotamine to lysergic acid reaction may be scaled up or down by multiplying the quantities involved by a proportionality constant all quantities should be multiplied by the same constant. It has been found that the quantities of water and potassium hydroxide used in the hydrolysis of ergotamine are not particularly critical and their relative concentrations may be varied somewhat to meet other considerations. As a rule, ergotamine should be hydrolysed with about a 1.5 to 2.5 molar potassium hydroxide solution. 

The dehydration-rehydration procedure is characterized by its mildness and is thus compatible with most labile materials. The amounts of lipids and vaccine materials described below are typical for the preparations made for animal work described here but could be scaled up or down depending on the number of animals and the amount of antigens used. 

GEMEP uses conventional chemical processing equipment and can be easily and economically scaled up or down. 

We immediately discover that in scaling-up or -down, the quotient d/ Po has to remain constant halving d requires halving pq. Therefore, in model measurements with non-Newtonian liquids, a family of liquids with similar rheological behavior (Fig. 10) is required. 

The reaction may be scaled up or down preparations starting from 0.1 to... 

Atomic charges on the guest molecules were obtained from first principles Hartree-Fock calculations, fitting the electrostatic potential surface (EPS), then scaled up or down in order to reproduce the experimental dipole moments. Table 2 gives partial charges of typical molecules considered in our work. 

The subject matter is so organized that the instructor can inject his own modifications such as arranging the necessary apparatus, preparing beforehand a batch of some special reagent needed, the scaling up or down of quantities to be prepared, or the utilizing of the finished products in further syntheses and research work. 

The preparations reported here are all on a 0.5 molar scale and the yields given are typical, within a few percent, of what might be expected by an experienced worker. The preparations can be scaled up or down, but on a small scale the overall yield of a purified metal alkyl is likely to fall significantly from the figure given in the text. 

As pointed out at the beginning of the chapter, when designing a new polymer processing operation to produce a product or to blend or compound a new material, it is often desirable or necessary to work on a smaller scale such as a laboratory extruder, internal batch mixer, stirring tank, etc. The evolving model must then be scaled up or down to the actual operation. 

The above values are most often determined via correlations, which allow a scale-up (or down) to different operating states. Along these fines, the liquid and gas phase mass transfer coefficients are usually related to Sherwood number (Sh) as a function of Reynolds number (Re), Schmidt number (Sc) and other dimensionless process characteristics [3, 59-61]. It is important that the correlations are applied within the same parameter range in which they are determined as only there can their reliability be assured. 

Add 50 pL of serum-free medium to a sterile polystyrene tube. Add TransIT -LT1 transfection reagent (1-2 pL per well for 24-well plates scale up or down for different size plates) directly into the serum-free medium. Mix thoroughly by pipetting or vortexing. Add plasmid DNA (0.5 pg per well for 24-well plates titration of pDNA may be necessary) to the diluted TransIT -LTl reagent. Mix by gentle pipetting and incubate at RT for 15-30 min. 

In preliminary costs analyses, the quantity of operating labor can often be estimated either from company experience with similar processes or from published information on similar processes. Because the relationship between labor requirements and production rate is not always a linear one, a 0.2 to 0.25 power of the capacity ratio when plant capacities are scaled up or down is often used. 

The characteristics of the shields approved by the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board are summarized in this table. They include sizes and charge weights typical to munitions manufacturing, but they can be scaled up or down in size or charge weight to meet special laboratory requirements. 

The procedure for coupling ribonucleosides to proteins can easily be scaled up or down. Also, the coupling rado of ribonucleoside to carrier protein may be varied according to the amount of ribonucleoside available. However, the reladve yield of coupled nucleoside increases with both the concentration of nucleoside and of protein during the reacdon. 

LC. stationary pha.se should be available loose to enable scale up or down of the analytical method. 

As in standard molecular dynamic simulations, the box is gradually heated, i.e., velocities of the atoms are increased, and eventually the size of the box is scaled up or down to the conditions of interest (pressure and temperature). In contrast to standard simulations, the present one is stopped periodically to perform DFT calculations on a small sample of the box. This is basically done to obtain new charges but eventually it can be modified to obtain new geometric parameters and force constants, depending on the specific properties that are target of the calculations. This procedure continues during heating principally and at the initial part of equilibration until a self-consistent force field compatible with the real conditions, is obtained for the equilibrated box. 

The preparative proeedures described in ehapter 4 strietly hold only for the quantities (5-10 g) of product indicated. Simply scaling the quantities up or down to produce different amounts of iron oxide does not always produce the desired result. Crucial factors involved in altering the scale of a preparation are the ratio of reactant to Fe (e. g. OH/Fe or oxi-dant Fe), suspension concentration, pFI and temperature. Unless proved to be irrelevant, these variables should be held constant when the procedure is scaled up or down. Nomially, this can be achieved quite readily when small reaction volumes (<0.5 L) are used. With larger volumes or when a reactant has to be added constantly (e.g. oxygen or base to a Fe system) this may be more difficult. The alternative then is to produce larger quantities in separate batches. 

The above procedure is scaled for two rat brains. However, it can be scaled up (or down) according to your requirements. 

The concept of parity in scaling up or down implies that the performance features, selectivity behavior, and recyclability of the stationary phase material used for the analytical and the preparative separation are identical, with the exception of particle size. Both robust experimental methods as well as rules of thumb, acquired by experienced investigators, have been developed that enable such comparisons to be made. An extensive scientific literature is now available to indicate sound foundations for such scaling up strategies, coupled with suitable experimental methods for their validation. Table 1 summarizes some of this information. 

Scale-up considerations Above, formulae and graphs were presented to determine the main dimensions and parameters of roller presses. In addition, there are some simple relationships between the roll diameter D, force or pressure p, and gap width hp, which can be applied for scaling up or down. An equivalent gap width may be calculated for briquetting machines and used as an approximation. 

For large-scale preparations of the tetrachloride oxides, the reaction of the metal trioxide with sulfinyl chloride is most convenient. The procedure outlined below is similar to that of Col ten and co-workers,7 but gives details for obtaining the compounds, particularly tungsten tetrachloride oxide, in excess of 50-g quantities. The reactions may be scaled up or down several fold without deleterious effect. 

A similar reaction using HBr in place of HI converts chlorogermane into bromogermane. Both reactions may be conveniently scaled up or down. 

Illustrated below are the proportions of the basic HMIS label For the 50 lb. bag and 55 gallon drum A = 6 (15.25 cm) and 1/4A = 15 (3.813 cm) Other sizes should be scaled up or down according to these proportions... 

No air-free or special techniques and apparatus are required for these syntheses, and the procedures can be scaled up or down easily. Once the aqua ions are prepared, the derivatives are easily prepared by substitution reactions. i <>-12-1 s-1 s... 

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