Scaled events

To gain some insight into why processes have preferred directions, consider some large-scale events that go in one particular direction ... 

Ten Cate et al. (2004) were able to learn from their DNS about the mutual effect of microscale (particle scale) events and phenomena at the macroscale the particle collisions are brought about by the turbulence, and the particles affect the turbulence. Energy spectra confirmed that the particles generate fluid motion at length scales of the order of the particle size. This results in a strong increase in the rate of energy dissipation at these length scales and in a decrease... 

It is possible that this theory can be adapted to explain molten metal-water thermal explosions although many needed data are still unavailable. One might presume that, at the molten metal-wet surface interface, there is some chemical reaction. Possibly that of the metal plus water or metal plus surface to lead to localized formation of salt solutions. These may then superheat until homogeneous nucleation occurs. The local temperature and pressure would then be predicted to be far in excess of the critical point of pure water (220 bar, 647 K) and a sharp, local explosion could then result. Fragmentation or subsequent other superheat explosions would then lead to the full-scale event. 

The visual and conceptual impact of seeing the timed sequence of structures, a full representation of atomic-scale events as a complex chemical reaction took place, was powerful. This achievement, the product of state-of-the-art calculations applied to an ambitious objective as well as excellent presentation graphics, was not diminished through a repressed awareness that it aU depended on theory. Nothing experimentally based provided an anchor for the visually compelhng rendition of the reacting system as a cyclopropane cleaved a C C bond, formed a trimethylene diradical intermediate, and executed a net one-center epimerization before reverting to the cyclopropane structure. 

Today, ultrafast pulsed-laser techniques, high-speed computers, and other sophisticated instrumentation make it possible to measure the time evolutions of reactants, intermediates, transition structures, and products following an abrupt photoactivation of a starting material. Detailed theoretical calculations, experienced judgments based on the literature, and newly accessible femtosecond-domain experimental data providing observed intensities of chemical species versus time can provide insights on the atomic-scale events responsible for overall reaction outcomes. 

Defect formation and dynamics in the crystal and at the melt-crystal interface are molecular-scale events that are only adequately simulated by lattice-scale models. A discussion of lattice-scale equilibrium and calculations of molecular dynamics is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Typically, the first full-scale events are demonstrations. Some scale-up studies may be performed at full scale just before the formal demonstrations are initiated, however. This would be true in those cases in which the results of the development-ranging studies do not provide sufficient confidence or assurance. In addition to providing assurance that the process can be duplicated at full scale, demonstrations provide a platform for operator training, SOP development, laboratory method fine-tuning, equipment cleaning, and most important, site experience with the demonstrated process. It should be noted that most companies are constrained by a budget for product development, which means that they cannot afford doing a battery of demonstrations. 

Median Median is a value that can be used to describe the fluorescence intensity of a population of cells. If the cells were lined up in order of increasing intensity, the median value would simply be the channel number or intensity of the cell that is at the midpoint in the sequence. The median channel, because it is unaffected by off-scale events and outliers, is considered by many to be the best way to describe the intensity of a population. See Mean and Mode. 

Phase changes happen all around us all the time, not only during super-large scale events, as in Earth s water cycle. Take a tour of your home and you will likely find phase changes at work in nearly every room. 

Protein-structure prediction methods are routinely compared and contrasted in a public competition called the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP). These large-scale events allow for a comparison of the state-of-the-art tools and algorithms on a variety of target sequences. The results of each event are scrutinized. There have been five such events thus far, with CASP5 being the most recent (31). 

Periodically print current status to screen, expansion and scaling events also printed. This will need to be amended for changes in models or coefficients. 

The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation is solved in stream function-vorticity formulation, as reported variously in Sengupta et al. (2001, 2003), Sengupta Dipankar (2005). Brinckman Walker (2001) also simulated the burst sequence of turbulent boundary layer excited by streamwise vortices (in X- direction) using the same formulation for which a stream function was defined in the y — z) -plane only. To resolve various small scale events inside the shear layer, the vorticity transport equation (VTE) and the stream function equation (SFE) are solved in the transformed — rj) —... 

Threats or incidents related to high-profile, large-scale events that present high-probability targets such as National Special Security Events (NSSEs) and other special events as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with other federal departments and agencies. 

Millennial-scale Events of the Late Pleistocene and Last Glacial Termination... 

Shackleton N. J., Hall M. A., and Vincent E. (2000) Phase relationships between millennial-scale events 64,000-24,000 years ago. Paleoceanography 15, 565-569. 

The range of scales important in environmental toxicology varies from the few angstroms of molecular interactions to the hundreds of thousands of square kilometers affected by large-scale events. Figure 2.4 presents some of... 

Despite the suddenness of these pore-scale events, the displacement process appears smooth at the macroscopic scale As the capillary pressure is increased, the nonwetting phase flows into increasingly smaller pore spaces, and is thereby reduced. The macroscopic functionality (capillary pressure vs. saturation) is the capillary pressure curve mentioned previously. Fig. 7 is an example capillary pressure curve obtained by injecting mercury into a dry packing of glass... 

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