Life Events Scale

Stressful life events Holmes and Rahe scale used to quantify stressful life events... 

It is important to note however that Equation (10) assumes steady state in the Th distribution so that production truly is balanced by decay and export. It is easy to imagine a scenario after a phytoplankton bloom, when the export of POC (and " Th) has decreased or even ceased, such that the water column " Th profile would still show a deficit with respect to caused by prior high flux events. This relief deficit will disappear as " Th grows into equilibrium with on a time scale set by the " Th half-life. The magnitude by which the Th flux is over- or under-estimated depends on whether deficits are increasing or decreasing and at what rate. 

The chemical accident at Bhopal, India, in late 1984, is only the worst example of events that take place almost daily, on a smaller scale, throughout the world. Human beings are not the only potential victims of chemical toxicity - all of life on earth can be affected. Chemicals are ravaging human health and the environment, and conditions are worsening. 

In computational science and engineering, researchers frequently speak of multiple time-scale problems. These are problems ivhere the characteristic times for events span many orders of magnitude. More often than not, the full range of desired time-scales is not experimentally accessible. The combined experimental and numerical approach must settle for analysis of a narrow ivindoiv of time-scales. For most of our purposes, the half-life of an event w ill prove to be a useful definition of characteristic time-scale... 

The question then arises as to how the cell organizes these specific events to create a spatio-temporal order to maintain its life. Cells have hierarchical dynamic structure from the nanometer to the micrometer scale. Therefore, to answer this question, it is necessary to explore the mesoscopic level of description, given the molecular knowledge in the nanometer scale. 

The Life Long After Cerebral Ischemia (LILAC) study reported near complete follow-up on 2473 participants from the Dutch TIA Trial (van Wijk et al. 2005). Mean age was 65 years and 759 had a TIA while the remainder suffered a minor stroke (defined as a score on the modified Rankin scale < 3) at enrolment. The trial recruited patients between 1986 and 1989, all of whom were assessed by a neurologist and randomized to two different dosages of aspirin. After a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, 1489 (60%) had died and 1336 (54%) had suffered at least one vascular event. At 10 years, the cumulative risk of recurrent stroke was 18.4% (95% Cl, 16.7-20.1), of first major vascular event was 44.1% (95% Cl, 42.0-46.1) and of death was 46.6% (95% Cl, 44.2-51.3). The corresponding figures for those presenting with TIA at inception (as opposed to minor stroke) were 35.8% (95% Cl, 32.3-39.3) for first vascular event and 34.1% (95% Cl, 30.7-37.4) for death. The 10-year risk of stroke... 

All dynamic events are not so rapid, however. Lipid flip-flop, in which a lipid translocates from one leaflet to another in a membrane, is usually a profoundly slow process and occurs in a time scale of minutes or even hours. As for the longest time scale associated with biological lipid systems, the typical life time of a cell ranges from a few days to several months, which depends on the tissue type. 

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