Saving

The cost saving in PET bottle production by co-injection technology, using an inexpensive polymer layer, is about 20% as calcidated in Table 1. The calculation includes a higher investment cost of machinery for the co-injection technology as compared to the monolayer bottle production which employs less 

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SAVE CONDITIONS AT WHICH PHIS CALCULATED TL = T PL-P RETURN... 

SAVE FUGACITY COEFFICIENTS FOR USE AT SIMILAR CONDITIONS PHLi n=PHM n... 

Sucksmith, I., Extractive Distillation Saves Energy, Chem. Engg., 88 185, June 28, 91, 1982. 

Also, instead of using two separators, a purge can be used (see Fig. 4.2c). Using a purge saves the cost of a separator but incurs raw materials losses and possibly waste treatment and disposal costs. 

The fourth option, shown in Fig. 4.4FEED-IMPURITY separation is expensive. To use a purge, the FEED and IMPURITY must be adjacent to each other in order of volatility (again, assuming distillation as the means of separation). Care should be taken to ensure that the resulting increase in concentration of IMPURITY in the reactor does not have an adverse effect on reactor performance. 

Let us now consider a few examples for the use of this simple representation. A grand composite curve is shown in Fig. 14.2. The distillation column reboiler and condenser duties are shown separately and are matched against it. Neither of the distillation columns in Fig. 14.2 fits. The column in Fig. 14.2a is clearly across the pinch. The distillation column in Fig. 14.26 does not fit, despite the fact that both reboiler and condenser temperatures are above the pinch. Strictly speaking, it is not appropriately placed, and yet some energy can be saved. By contrast, the distillation shown in Fig. 14.3a fits. The reboiler duty can be supplied by the hot utility. The condenser duty must be integrated with the rest of the process. Another example is shown in Fig. 14.36. This distillation also fits. The reboiler duty must be supplied by integration with the process. Part of the condenser duty must be integrated, but the remainder of the condenser duty can be rejected to the cold utility. 

Various heat pumping schemes have been proposed as methods for saving energy in distillation. Of these schemes, use of the column overhead vapor as the heat pumping fluid is usually the most economically attractive. This is the vapor recompression scheme shown in outline in Fig. 14.6. 

Figure 15.5 A simple modification reduces the load on the heat pump, saving electricity. (From Smith and Linnhoff, Trans. IChemE, ChERD, 66 195, 1988 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...

Not surprisingly, costs are several times higher than conventional wells. Nevertheless, overall project economics may favour ERD over other development options. For example, BP developed the offshore part of the Wytch Farm Oilfield (which is located under Poole Harbour in Dorset, UK) from an onshore location. The wells targeted the reservoir at a vertical depth of 1,500 meters with a lateral displacement of over 8,000 meters (Fig. 3.20). The alternative was to build a drilling location on an artificial island in Poole Bay. ERD probably saved a considerable amount of money and advanced first oil by several years. 

Fig. 3.24 shows the cost breakdown of a typical development well. As can be seen, drilling operations are the area with the largest scope for cost savings. The actual costs of a well show considerable variations and are dependent on a number of factors, e.g. ... 

The objective of appraisal activity is not necessarily to prove more hydrocarbons. For example, appraisal activity which determines that a discovery is non-commercial should be considered as worthwhile, since it saves a financial loss which would have been incurred if development had taken place without appraisal. 

Subsea production systems provide for large savings in manpower as they are unmanned facilities. However, these systems can be subject to very high opex from the well servicing and subsea intervention point of view as expensive vessels have to be mobilised to perform the work. As subsea systems become more reliable this opex will be reduced. 

Only one set of pipelines and umbilicals (as with the template) are required from the manifold back to the host facility, saving unnecessary expense. Underwater manifolds are becoming very popular as they offer a great deal of flexibility in field development and can be very cost effective. 

Standardisation of equipment items is an area for potential cost savings, both in terms of capital expenditure (capex) and operating expenditure (opex), and is a decision which should be taken In consultation with the production operations department at the FDP stage. Standardisation can be applied to equipment items ranging from drilling platforms to valves. The benefits of standardisation are ... 

Injection of produced water is not a new idea, but the technique has met resistance due to concerns about reservoir impairment (solids or oil in the water may block the reservoir pores and reducing permeability). However, as a field produces at increasingly high water cuts, the potential savings through reduced treatment costs compared with the consequences of impairment become more attractive. 

Handling production from, and providing support to, a satellite field from an older facility is at first glance an attractive alternative to a separate new development. However, whilst savings may be made in capital investment, the operating cost of large processing facilities may be too much to be carried by production from a smaller field. 

The Supplement B (reference) contains a description of the process to render an automatic construction of mathematical models with the application of electronic computer. The research work of the Institute of the applied mathematics of The Academy of Sciences ( Ukraine) was assumed as a basis for the Supplement. The prepared mathematical model provides the possibility to spare strength and to save money, usually spent for the development of the mathematical models of each separate enterprise. The model provides the possibility to execute the works standard forms and records for the non-destructive inspection in complete correspondence with the requirements of the Standard. 

Data sailing automatic data saving occurs after a user-preselectable time interval, typically 1 to 3 minutes. 

When network weights have been trained to appropriate values, the NSC is ready to start classifying. The data set to be classified is specified in the same manner as previously used for the training and validation sets. The classifier is applied to data through the use of a menu and generates a list including filenames, suggested class and the neuron outputs from the output layer (used for decision). The result is currently presented in a simple text editor, from which it can be saved and included in other documents. 

It allows to save the radiographic film in computer for an eventual digital processing. In our case welded joints radiographic films are digitized in 256 gray levels. 

Each software product has a revision number and a date. The user can ask it to the instmment, and save it with the ET data. 

Practical experience has shown that, depending on the field of application, a considerable reduction in inspection costs can be had when opting for radioscopy rather than radiography. By comparison with film technique, the inspection time of turbine blades for aircraft jet propulsion engines is reduced by 45% to 60%. When adding film costs, approximately DM 450.000,- can be saved per year /3/. As far as... 

The system was installed and certified by TUV and the local authorities. Trials conducted on site after installation proved that the system allowed efficient inspection with scan speeds in excess of 100 mm/s, which is faster than initially required. Implementation of the system has resulted in savings enabling pay back of the full system in less than one year. 

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