Saturating capacity

In very small pores the molecules never escape from the force field of the pore wall even at the center of the pore. In this situation the concepts of monolayer and multilayer sorption become blurred and it is more useful to consider adsorption simply as pore filling. The molecular volume in the adsorbed phase is similar to that of the saturated Hquid sorbate, so a rough estimate of the saturation capacity can be obtained simply from the quotient of the specific micropore volume and the molar volume of the saturated Hquid. 

Flue particles ia a fluidized bed are analogous to volatile molecules ia a Foiling solution. Therefore, the concentration of particles ia the gas above a fluidized bed is a function of the saturation capacity of the gas. To calculate the entrainment rate, it is first necessary to determine what particle sizes ia the bed can be entrained. These particles are the ones which have a terminal velocity less than the superficial gas velocity, assuming that iaterparticle forces ia a dilute zone of the freeboard are negligible. An average particle size of the entrainable particles is then calculated. If all particles ia the bed are entrainable, the entrained material has the same size distribution as the bed material. 

We wUl now touch upon some of these factors. First, let s look at what we mean by system isotherm. Freundlich liquid phase isotherm studies can be used to establish the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon over a range of different concentrations. Under standard conditions, the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon increases as the concentration increases, until we reach a point of maximum saturation capacity. An example of an isotherm for phenol is shown in Figure 8. 

For preparative or semipreparative-scale enantiomer separations, the enantiose-lectivity and column saturation capacity are the critical factors determining the throughput of pure enantiomer that can be achieved. The above-described MICSPs are stable, they can be reproducibly synthesized, and they exhibit high selectivities - all of which are attractive features for such applications. However, most MICSPs have only moderate saturation capacities, and isocratic elution leads to excessive peak tailing which precludes many preparative applications. Nevertheless, with the L-PA MICSP described above, mobile phases can be chosen leading to acceptable resolution, saturation capacities and relatively short elution times also in the isocratic mode (Fig. 6-6). 

In summary, the present limitations in saturation capacities and selectivity of imprinted polymers preclude their applications in the above-mentioned preparative separation formats. 

Linear case This case is met when the adsorption isotherm is considered linear, which means operation under diluted conditions. Taking into account the saturation capacities of the CSP, this behavior is usually met for concentrations around or below 1 g for separation of enantiomers. 

The critical parameters for separation by displacement are the displacer concentration, the loading factor (ratio of the sample size to the column saturation capacity) and the column efficiency. The choice of displacer is probably the most critical step. For correct development to occur the adsorption isotherm of the displacer must overlie those of the feed components. The concentration of the i PlAcer controls the separation time and... 

Patwardhan, A.V. and Ataai, M.M., Site accessibility and the pH dependence of the saturation capacity of a highly cross-linked matrix. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography of bovine serum albumin on Chelating Superose, /. Chromatogr. A, 767, 11, 1997. 

The residual saturation capacity of soil is generally about one third of its waterholding capacity. Immobilization of a certain mass of hydrocarbon is dependent upon soil porosity and physical characteristics of the product. The volume of soil required to immobilize a volume of liquid hydrocarbon can be estimated as follows ... 

Another word expressing this idea of combining power was "saturation" capacity. Using an electrochemical theory of chemical reaction, Berzelius hid the assumption of electrical neutralization by the material analogy or metaphor... 

With the exception of some unique symbols of William Higgins in 1789, generally, straight lines appeared in published chemical formulas only when Archibald Couper introduced them in 1858 to indicate valences (units of atomicity, saturation capacity, or quantivalence).77 Whereas innocent accent marks or superscript dashes had been used at midcentury to indicate valence or value, straight lines now suggested a less abstract meaning, despite disclaimers like Alexander Crum Brown s that the lines indicated the "chemical," not "physical," positions of atoms. 78... 

In Equation 1.15, q represents the adsorbed amount of solute, ns and qs are the saturation capacities (number of accessible binding sites) for site 1 (nonstereoselect-ive, subscript ns) and site 2 (stereoselective, subscript s), and fens and bs are the equilibrium constants for adsorption at the respective sites [54]. It is obvious that only the second term in this equation is supposed to be different for two enantiomers. Expressed in terms of linear chromatography conditions (under infinite dilution where the retention factor is independent of the loaded amount of solute) it follows that the retention factor k is composed of at least two distinct major binding increments corresponding to nonstereoselective and stereoselective sites according to the following... 

Very similar characteristics (bi-Langmuir model) and overall trends have been also found for 3CPP on the tBuCQD-CSP in the NPLC mode, yet the saturation capacities at the enantioselective sites were much larger than in case of TFAE [54]. 

Retention Factor and Saturation Capacity of Nortriptyline and 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid in Various Buffers... 

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