Higgins, William

Herr, Lucien, 148 Hertz, Heinrich, 72 Hesse, Mary, 75, 77-78 Hevesy, George, 178 Higgins, William, 93 Hill, R. W., 258... 

Bryan Higgins — William Higgins — Higgins and Dalton. 

With the exception of some unique symbols of William Higgins in 1789, generally, straight lines appeared in published chemical formulas only when Archibald Couper introduced them in 1858 to indicate valences (units of atomicity, saturation capacity, or quantivalence).77 Whereas innocent accent marks or superscript dashes had been used at midcentury to indicate valence or value, straight lines now suggested a less abstract meaning, despite disclaimers like Alexander Crum Brown s that the lines indicated the "chemical," not "physical," positions of atoms. 78... 

Submitted by J. P. Schaefer, Jerry Higgins, and P. K. Shenoy Checked by James P. Nelson, Wayland E. Noland, and William E. Parham... 

Biyan Higgins (1737 or 1741-1818) applied Newton s repulsion of atoms in air to simple and compound gases, and suggested that there were caloric atmospheres around molecules of compound gases (51). Many of his ideas were promoted by his nephew, William Higgins (1762/3-1825), who anticipated parts of Dalton s atomic theory and law of multiple proportions in 1789 (52). In 1814, he wrote (55) ... 

At about this time William Higgins, member of the Royal Dublin Society and F R.S., wrote a pamphlet Observations and Experiments on the Atomic Theory and Electrical Phenomena in which he claimed that the atomic theory had been applied by him long before Dalton, in various abstruse researches, and... 

These formulas represent Gouper s first tentative introduction of the valence line uniting atoms. Only William Higgins (cf. E. R. Atkinson, J. chem. Educ., 17, 3 (1940)), before Couper, used lines for such purposes, but Hi ins approach of 1789 never made contact with organic chemistry.—O.T.B.]... 

Higgins RD, Sanders RJ, Yan Y, Zasloff M, Williams JI. Squalamine improves retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000 41 1507-1512. 

Her work on the participation of water as a catalyst in the oxidation of charcoal to carbon dioxide, later proven, was of great importance and anticipated the concept of catalysis (term introduced by Berzelius in 1836— wholly loosening from the Greek ). Implicit in this is also the modern concept of the chemical mechanism a stepwise, blow-by-blow account of a chemical reaction. We will illustrate this briefly with the rusting of iron—it was the Irish chemist William Higgins who first discovered the role of water in this process and he ac-... 

It was probably after seeing such diagrams that the Irish chemist, William Higgins, had the inspiration of representing the forces between the constituent components, i.e. the atoms, of molecules. In a book... 

For reviews see (a) Corn RM, Higgins DA (1994) Chem Rev 94 107 (b) Kanis DR, Ratner MA, Marks TJ (1994) Chem Rev 94 195 (c) Etter MC, Huang KS, Frankenback GM, Adsmond DA (1991) In Marder SR, Sohn JE, Studky GD (eds) Materials for nonlinear optics chemical perspectives, vol 455. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, p 446 (d) Prasad PN, Williams DJ (1991) Introduction to non-hnear optical effects in molecules and polymers. John Wiley, New York... 

Martin Wall 1781-1785 William Austin 1785-1786 [William Higgins 1786-92] Thomas Beddoes 1787-1793 [James Sadler 1790-92 ]... 

J. R. Partington and T. S. Wheeler, The Life and Works of William Higgins, Chemist, 1763-1825—, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1960, p. 35 ODNB-, DSB. 

William Higgins, Comparative View of the Phlogistic and Antiphlogistic Theories—, London, 1789, reprinted by Partington and Weaver, ref. 59, who argued that most of the experiments in this book must have been carried out in the OfScina Chemica, see pp. 5 and 66. 

I would like to thank Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad for his review and comments on the manuscript. The publisher, Martin Scrivener and the editorial staff of William Andrew, Inc. have been most supportive of this project, especially Valerie Haynes, Jane Higgins, and Linda Mohr. 

O, Jachimowski X, Bowman A, Tsuboi and Wagner .Brabbsand Brokaw , Higgin and Williams , dark, Ltod, and Matsuda V, Izod, Kistiakowsky, and Matsuda , Dean and Kistiakowsky. Last four sets of results are discussed on pages 199 and 200 of reference 1)... 

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