Salt sources

Chlorine is used to obtain bromine from salt sources in primary production and is an excellent process for such large scale operations. For smaller scale recovery operations it is cheap in reagent terms but requires specialised equipment for handling and use which adversely impact on the process economics. Additionally, large volumes of salt are produced, creating a similar effluent problem to that which it is solving. 

Approximately 73% of all North American sodium sulfate is obtained directly from natural salt sources in Searles Lake, California and in Texas, Mexico, and Canada. Miscellaneous methods of manufacture account for smaller percentages. This includes 5% as a by-product in the production of viscose rayon, where sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are used to degrade the cellulose. Sodium dichromate manufacture gives another 6% of sodium sulfate as a by-product. 

In the United States, electrodialysis was developed primarily for desalination of water, with Ionics being the industry leader. In Japan, Asahi Glass, Asahi Chemical (a different company), and Tokuyama Soda developed the process to concentrate seawater [8], This application of electrodialysis is confined to Japan, which has no domestic salt sources. Electrodialysis membranes concentrate the salt in seawater to about 18-20% solids, after which the brine is further concentrated by evaporation and the salt recovered by crystallization. 

However, the majority of sodium sulfate is now obtained directly from natural salt sources. Brines with 7 to 11% sodium sulfate are used and pumped through a salt deposit to lower the solubility of the sodium sulfate so that, upon cooling, the decahydrate (Glauber s salt) will crystallize and can be separated. Heating then forms the anhydrous salt cake. 

Figure 5-2 Equilibrium Among Milk Salts. Source Reprinted with permission from R. Jenness and S. Patton, Principles of Dairy Chemistry, 1959, John Wiley Sons.

HALIDES Halogens Halite sodium, chlorine TABLE SALT, source of sodium for LYE, improves workability of molten GLASS... 

Input is measured in bulk precipitation, while output is measured in streamflow from the watershed. Positive net output means the watershed has other sources of the ion besides precipitation or is being depleted of its storage of the element. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ are being depleted by mineral weathering Na+ and Cl- are believed to have a significant road salt source. Both NHJ and NOy are retained as nutrients. Sulfate is not believed to have major sources on the watershed its excess of output over input is believed to be a measure of dry deposition. Units are equivalents per hectare per year. 

McArthur, J.M., Turner, J., Lyons, W.B. Thirlwall, M.F. (1989) Salt sources and water-rock interaction on the Yilgarn Block, Australia isotopic and major element tracers. Applied Geochemistry 4, 79-92. 

Synonym 5-(4-aminophenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid sodium salt Source Guzel, B. Akgerman, A. 

Synonyms Diethylamine diethyidithiooarbamate A/,A/-Diethyldithiooarbamio aoid diethylamine salt Source Wang, T. Wang, H. Chem. Eng. Process. (2003), 42(1), 61-65. 

Synonym (4 S)-4-Methylsalinomyoin monosodium salt Source Maxwell, R. Hampson, J. Cygnarowioz-Provost, M. J. Supercrit. Fluids (1992), 5(1), 31 -37. 

USE Manuf many sodium salts source of CO ingredient of baking powder, effervescent salts and beverages in fire extinguishers, cleaning compds. 

High column bleeding or P-containing contaminants (detergents) can also poison the salt source, especially of the thermionic detector. 

T]hese lakes could have evolved their chemical compositions over a few thousand years of present stream flow. It is not necessary to invoke trapped seawater or other salt sources to explain their evolution . 

Inositol-hexaphosphoric acid phytic acid salt source Calcium phytate phytic acid source Calcium phytate phytol source Chlorophyll pickling agent... 

The AFID is identical to the FID, except that an alkali metal salt source is placed between the burner tip and the collector. The response of the AFID strongly depends on the concentration of hydrogen in... 

Control Method—Commercial Experience Silica is present in some salt sources and also in the water used in making brine. It can normally be controlled in the feed water by ion-exchange or removed as solids during the primary brine treatment by reacting it with MgCl2 (without upsetting the Ca Mg ratio) to form Mg silicates, which can be carried out along with CaCOs and Mg(OH)2. 

Kahn (M23) with a potential of 1200 volts on the collecting plate. Variation of the spacing between the plate and the source between 0.5 and I.5 inches produced no significant change in the amount of activity collected. Increasing the relative humld-lty from 30 per cent to 80 per cent at 25 C produced a seven-fold increase in collection efficiency for a solid thorium salt source (M23). 

Table 30.4 Molar solubilities of salts. Source KD Collins, Biophys J 72, 65-76 (1997).

On-site hypochlorite generation systems (Figures 7-9 and 7-10) generally include water softener, a brine (salt water source) tank, electrolytic cells, and a hypochlorite storage tank. Sodium chloride (salt) is converted to hypochlorite by electrolysis. Some systems use seawater as the salt source, but it is common to make a brine solution... 

Note USAS = Heat-stable amine salts. Source Data on Ion Exchange, Distillation, and Electrodialysis from Burns and Gregory (1995) ... 

Five salt mines constitute the salt source in Romania. Each time has a mechanically operated iodization unit. The levels of iodine are monitored by a laboratory at each mine. 

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