Naming salts

Such methyenepyrans afford still another possibility for obtaining new pyrylium salts, namely, electrophilic alkylation or acylation at the exocyclio methylene carbon atom. Thus, 2,6-diphenyl-4-iso-propylidene-4/I-pyran is converted into 2,6-diphenyl-4-i-butyl-pyrylium iodide on refluxing with methyl iodide (see Scheme 3). Unlike the protonation of methylenepyrans, this reaction is no longer... 

H- and 3//-Azepines are generally unstable in aqueous acid solution and the few examples of simple azepinium salts, namely perchlorates,77 bromides,105 picrates35201 and a solitary iodide,105 have been prepared under nonaqueous conditions. The fractional crystallization of oxalate salts has been used for the separation of mixtures of 4- and 6-substituted 3f/-azepines,66 and 3,6-di-tm-butyl- and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-3//-azepine, on treatment with tetrafluoroboric acid in acetonitrile, are converted quantitatively into their crystalline tetrafluoroboratc salts.70... 

As with all salts, name the cation before the anion. 

The other antirhine iVb-metho salt, namely, antirhine Ab-(3-methochloride (13) has been isolated from Amsonia elliptica Roem. and Schult. (27). Demethylation... 

In an interesting study, phthalocyanine complexes containing four anthraquinone nuclei (5.34) were synthesised and evaluated as potential vat dyes and pigments [18]. Anthraquinone-1,2-dicarbonitrile or the corresponding dicarboxylic anhydride was reacted with a transition-metal salt, namely vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tin, platinum or lead (Scheme 5.6). Substituted analogues were also prepared from amino, chloro or nitro derivatives of anthraquinone-l,2-dicarboxylic anhydride. 

Washing of the precipitate (AgCl) with 0.01 N HN03 is always recommended to prevent loss of AgCl by virtue of its return to colloidal condition (peptization) and to get rid of the soluble salts, namely AgNO and NaN03, and... 

The present study focused on the structure elucidation of heteropolyacid salts named Zirconium Antimonoarsanotungstate Zr[SbAsW] salt synthesised at variable pH using sol-gel route. Instrumental technique, IR was used to assign the structural aspects to the compound. Physical characterisation... 

It was found that the intercalation of Cgo fullerene by an alkali metal in stoichiometric ratio (1 1) gives rise to the formation of anion-radical salts, namely, KC50, RbCgg, and CsCgo (Bommeli et al. 1995, Btouet et al. 1996). On slow cooling of the intercalation products, [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the fullerene species that is neighboring a crystal lattice occurs. Linear chain fullerenic polymers are formed. These polymers are stable in air, insoluble in THF, and possess metallic conductivity. They depolymerize only on heating above 320°C. 

This formula he afterwards modified to (2) in order to explain the fact that if two ammonia molecules fewer are present in the molecule, two acid residues become inactive and therefore must be directly linked to cobalt. Removing two ammonia molecules from scheme (2) yields the formula at that time given to the pcntanunino-salts, namely, in the ease of chloro-pentammino-cobaltic chloride,... 

C is-diaquo salts, namely, those with two simple water molecules in the complex, have not been prepared. 

There are two clmitro-diethylenediamino-eobaltic salts, namely,... 

For use in medicine he directs to use only the first two preparations, though others are used in chemistry. He explains further the preparation of the waters above employed which are merely water solutions of salts named. The mortification of copper, lead, mercury and other metals is similarly described, with products such as verdigris, white lead, corrosive sublimate, or the various oxides, etc. In some cases, as with gold, the processes are elaborate but the fancied results are not capable of rational interpretation.7... 

None of these complex adds has, however, been isolated, and only one well-defined salt, namely, potassium oxalo-tantalate, 5K20.Ta205. 10C2O3, is known. This compound has been prepared by fusing tantalic add with potassium carbonate, dissolving the product in water, and adding oxalic add.3 It undergoes hydrolysis more readily than potassium oxalo-niobate. 

They found that the rate constant, kt in equation 38, was 1.3 to 1.7 X 10 2 for initial catalyst concentrations in the range 6.1 x 10 2 to 1.53 x 10-2 mole/1, [Me] of 2.62 mole/1, and [2170] of 6.1 mole/1. The data as a whole seemed to support the mechanism proposed above (Section IIIB1) for initiation with oxonium salts, namely ... 

If the compound is a salt, name the cation first and then the anion, just as in naming simple salts (Section 2.10). For example, K3[Fe(CN)6] is potassium hexacyanof errate(III). 

Evidently, the stability of 3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines 137, formed as the result of heterocyclization, is also determined by the anne-lated benzenoid ring. The lower tendency toward aromatization for these compounds, compared to monocyclic analogs, leads to the ability of 137 to react as a cyclic azomethine. The addition of a molecule of nucleophile to the C=N bond causes opening of the isoquinoline ring and formation of a new ring system (for instance, a-naphthols 141 in alkaline aqueous solutions). Such conversions occur even under conditions of the recyclization reaction of 2-benzopyrylium salts, namely, on heating 137 in alcoholic ammonia a mixture of isoquinoline 138 and a-naphthylamine 140 results (88MI1). 

They are believed to enhance the transbuccal permeation by a mechanism that is similar to that of bile salts, namely, extraction of lipids, protein denaturation, inactivation of enzymes, and swelling of tissues [39], Sodium dodecyl sulfate is reported to have a significant absorption enhancing effect but may also produce damage to the mucosa [13]. The effect of sodium... 

Fig. 1.7 Surface tension of mercury in contact with aqueous solutions of the salt named. T = 291 K. Abscissas are measured relative to a rational scale in which the potential difference between the mercury and a capillary-inactive electrolyte is arbitrarily set equal to zero at the electrocapillary maximum. Taken from [19] with permission...

Fig. 1.9 Differential capacitance of the electrical double layer between mercury and aqueous solutions of the salts named. T = 298 K. Taken from [18] with permission...

Stephania venosa also yielded the first two 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydro-N-methyl-7-oxoaporphinium salts, named uthongine (49) and thailandine (50). Compounds 49 and 50 are rather unstable and partially decompose on chromatography (silica gel) to give 7-oxocrebanine and 7-oxostephanine, respectively (33). 

The 77-cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer and the mixed metal carbonyl 7r-cyclopentadienyliron-manganese heptacarbonyl are protonated by strong acids to form isolatable salts, namely [CpFe(CO)2]2H +PF6 and [CpFeMn(CO)7H]+PF6 . The ruthenium dimer [CpRu(CO)2]2 behaves similarly, although no salt was isolated (63). 

These catalysts were modified by adding non-volatile inorganic acids and their salts, namely orthophosphoric acid, boric acid, barium sulfate, sodium silicate, barium nitrate, and hydrofluoric acid. The additives were added to the finished catalyst by direct impregnation from solution. The presence of the additives did not alter the specific surface or the geometric structure of the final preparations. 

Anhydrous ferae chloride is very deliquescent, and its solubility m water is represented by four distinct curves corresponding to the appearance of four hydrated salts, namely, 2FeCI3.4H20 (m.-pt. 73 5° C.), 2FeCl3.5H20 (m.-pt. 56° C.), 2FeCl3.7H20 (m.-pt. 32-5° C.), and... 

Finally, care must be exercised in the photochemical activation of contact ion pairs to irradiate only the charge-transfer absorption bands, and not those of the (colored) products. For example, the irradiation of either Cp2Co+ Co(CO)4 or Q+ Co(CO)4 in the presence of PBu3 at wavelengths beyond 510 nm leads only to the dimeric Co2(CO)6(PBu3)2, despite the fact that the CT photochemistry of the same solution at wavelengths below 550 nm leads smoothly to only the disproportionation products. In fact, control experiments demonstrate that the carbonylcobalt dimer arises from a secondary process by the adventitious excitation of the disproportionation salt, namely,... 

Rhodium is unique in forming a second series of salts, namely, the pentachlor-rhodites, of general formula M2RhCI6, in which respect it resembles ruthenium. 

Cobalt yields an interesting series of double nitrites, the most important member of which is Fischer s salt or potassium cobalti-nitrite, K3Co(N02)6. H20. Rhodium shares this property to a considerable extent, and the potassium salt. K3Rh(N02)6, may be used in an analogous manner to Fischer s salt, namely, in the preparation of pure rhodium, and also for the quantitative estimation of that metal. 

A polymeride of this salt, namely, Nickel Hexametaphosphate, [Ni(P03)2]s or NisP6Oia, is obtained as a green, gelatinous predpitate on addition of the corresponding sodium salt to a concentrated solution of nickel chloride.6... 

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