Vanadium naming

The X-ray microanalytical studies suggest that accumulated vanadium is not found in aqueous intracellular volumes such as vacuoles but occurs mainly in hydrophobic granules and membranes. Chelation by a mixture of ligands including water, sulfate, and tunichrome could have two effects on the lower oxidation states of vanadium, namely, to decrease the reduction potential and increase the stabilization at physiological pH. The EPR line-width studies (145), carried out on whole blood samples and based on aqua vanadyl models, may simply be inappropriate or applicable to only a fraction of the acciunulated vanadium. 

Various organic reagents have found application in the determination of vanadium, namely Pyrogallol Red in the presence of surfactant [67], Bromopyrogallol Red (e = 7-10 at 580 nm) [68], Alizarin S (in the presence of CP) [69], formaldoxime [70], 2-nitroso-5-dimethylaminophenol [71], 2,2 -dipyridyl-2-quinolylhydrazone [72], pyrogallol [73-75], and carminic acid in the presence of surfactant [76]. 

Acid Halogenides. For acid halogenides the name is formed from the corresponding acid radical if this has a special name (Sec. 3.1.2.10) for example, NOCl, nitrosyl chloride. In other cases these compounds are named as halogenide oxides with the ligands listed alphabetically for example, BiClO, bismuth chloride oxide VCI2O, vanadium(lV) dichloride oxide. 

Vanadium was first discovered in 1801 by del Rio while he was examining a lead ore obtained from Zimapan, Mexico. The ore contained a new element and, because of the red color imparted to its salts on heating, it was named erythronium (redness). The identification of the element vanadium did not occur until 1830 when it was isolated from cast iron processed from an ore from mines near Taberg, Sweden. It was given the name vanadium after Vanadis, the Norse goddess of beauty. Shordy after this discovery, vanadium was shown to be identical to the erythronium that del Rio had found several years eadier. 

Shiny silvery metal that is relatively soft in its pure form. Forms a highly resistant oxide coat. Used mainly in alloys, for example, in construction steel. Tiny amounts, in combination with other elements such as chromium, makes steel rustproof and improves its mechanical properties. Highly suited for tools and all types of machine parts. Also applied in airplane turbines. Chemically speaking, the element is of interest for catalysis (for example, removal of nitric oxides from waste gases). Vanadium forms countless beautiful, colored compounds (see Name). Essential for some organisms. Thus, natural oil, which was formed from marine life forms, contains substantial unwanted traces of vanadium that need to be removed. 

Monien and Stangel [598] studied the performance of a number of alternative chelating agents for vanadium, and their effect on vanadium analysis, by atomic absorption spectrometry with volatilisation in a graphite furnace. Two promising compounds were evaluated in detail, namely 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol in conjunction with tetraphenylarsonium chloride and tetramethylenedithiocar-bamate. These substances, dissolved in chloroform, were used for extraction... 

In an interesting study, phthalocyanine complexes containing four anthraquinone nuclei (5.34) were synthesised and evaluated as potential vat dyes and pigments [18]. Anthraquinone-1,2-dicarbonitrile or the corresponding dicarboxylic anhydride was reacted with a transition-metal salt, namely vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tin, platinum or lead (Scheme 5.6). Substituted analogues were also prepared from amino, chloro or nitro derivatives of anthraquinone-l,2-dicarboxylic anhydride. 

Vanadium (V, [Ar]3[Pg.404]

Vanadium - the atomic number is 23 and the chemical symbol is V. The name derives from the... 

Peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.7) are ubiquitously found in plants, microorganisms and animals. They are either named after their sources, for example, horseradish peroxidase and lacto- or myeloperoxidase, or akin to their substrates, such as cytochrome c, chloro- or lignin peroxidases. Most of the peroxidases studied so far are heme enzymes with ferric protoporphyrin IX (protoheme) as the prosthetic group (Fig. 1). However, the active centers of some peroxidases also contain selenium (glutathione peroxidase) [7], vanadium (bromoperoxidase)... 

ORIGIN OF NAME Named after the Scandinavian mythological goddess Vanadis because of the many colors exhibited by vanadium s compounds. 

Two unrelated discoveries of vanadium seem to have occurred. When he was experimenting with iron in 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefstrom (1787—1845), a Swedish chemist and mineralogist, identified a small amount of a new metal. Because vanadium compounds have beautiful colors, he named this new metal after Vanadis, the mythological goddess of youth and beauty in his native country, Scandinavia. 

Patronite. An important commercial deposit of vanadium is the patronite of Peru, an impure sulfide containing free sulfur. This ore was first found in 1905 at Minasragra near Cerro de Pasco, Peru, 16,000 feet above sea level, and was named for its discoverer, Senor Antenor Rizo-Patron (77, 78). Vanadium is also obtained as a by-product from the exploitation of Colorado camotite for radium and uranium (77). 

Dr. Ernst Wittich, German Ambassador to Mexico, pointed out that Baron von Humboldt was also led into the same error, for the specimen in the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin is labeled in the Baron s handwriting Brown lead ore from the veins of Zimapin in northern Mexico. Lead chromate. M. del Rio thought he had discovered a new metal in it, which he named erythronium, then panchromium later he realized that it was ordinary chromium. The label was later corrected by Gustav Rose to read Vanadiumbleierz (vanadium lead ore) (29). 

The lead-chamber process supplied the world s need for sulfuric acid for a century and a half. In the late nineteenth century, the contact process replaced the lead-chamber process. The contact process utilized sulfur dioxide, SOj, which was produced as a byproduct when sulfur-bearing ores were smelted. The contact process was named because the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, SO3, takes place on contact with a vanadium or platinum catalyst during the series of reactions ... 

The element was recognized in 1831, when N. G. Sefstrom was able to isolate and characterize the oxide the name vanadium was derived from Vanadis, a goddess in Scandinavian mythology. The beautiful colours of vanadium compounds had been observed as early as 1801, by A. M. del Rio in his experiments with a new element he called erythronium because of the red colour after treatment with acid.1... 

Dithiolene complexes was the name suggested by McCleverty47 for complexes of unsaturated 1,2-dithiols without implying any particular ligand structure or valence formalism. The dithiolene complexes described differ from the vanadium(III) dithiolates (Section 33.4.6) reported by three independent groups.48... 

The sea squirts or tunicates are fascinating marine creatures, their name being derived from the tunic made of cellulosic material that surrounds the body of the animal. In 1911, Henze discovered vanadium in the blood of Phallusia mammillata C.343 He later found the same with other ascidians (a class of tunicates). In vanadium-accumulating species, most vanadium is located in the vacuoles—vanadophores—of certain types of blood cells—the vanadocytes. The concentration in the vanadophore can be as high as 1M and this value must be compared with concentrations of the order of 2 x 10-8 M for vanadium in sea water.344 Kustin et al. have reviewed the work done to understand the efficient accumulation and the possible biological roles of the metal.345... 

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