Saline inflow

Knowles N (2002) Natural and management influences on freshwater inflows and salinity in the San Francisco Estuary at monthly to interannual scales. Water Resour Res 38(12) 1289. doi 10.1029/2001WR000360... 

Pollutant trapping in estuaries is the result of two related phenomena patterns of water circulation and patterns of sediment deposition and resuspension. As shown in Figure 28.4, estuarine circulation is characterized by a subsurface inflow of dense saline... 

Ecological conditions in the liman (distribution of water temperature and salinity, concentration of dissolved oxygen, and phytoplankton, etc.) depend on the fresh and saline waters inflow, nutrient input and river- and wind-induced water circulation in the liman [10,11]. The above-mentioned hydro-... 

The Black Sea is the world s largest semienclosed marginal sea with permanent anoxic zone (about 85% of the total water volume). Its physical and chemical structure is determined by its hydrophysical balance [1]. The narrow (0.76-3.60 km) and shallow (< 93 m) Bosporus Strait provides the only pathway of water exchange between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. The sill depths of the Bosporus are 32-34 m at the southern end and 60 m at the northern end [2,3]. The seawater that flows out of the Bosporus Strait is the only source of salty water to the basin. Deep-water salinity values increase to S = 22.33 psu. Freshwater inflow from several European rivers (especially the Danube, Dniester, and Dnieper) and brackish water inflow from the Sea of Azov keep the salinity low in the surface layer (S 18.0-18.5 psu in the central region). As a result, the water column is strongly stratified with respect to salinity, and thus density. 

The suboxic zone is defined as the region between where oxygen decreases to near zero (O2 < 10 xM) and where sulfide first appears (H2S > 1 iM) [16, 17]. Many important redox reactions involving Fe, Mn, N, and other intermediate redox elements occur in the suboxic zone. Similar redox reactions take place in sediments throughout the world s oceans, but they are easier to study in the Black Sea because they are spread out over a depth scale of tens of meters (rather than centimeter or millimeter scales as in sediments). The Black Sea suboxic layer hydrophysical structure is very stable compared with other ocean redox regions such as Cariaco Trench, which is influenced by mesoscale eddies, or the Baltic Sea that is influenced by inflows of the North Sea saline oxygenated waters in cold winters. 

In one case priapism followed the use of first risperidone and then ziprasidone YET TO start HERE(197). In two other cases, presumed to be due to risperidone (198,199), penile irrigation with isotonic saline and phenylephrine injection resulted in detumescence. Risperidone has a high affinity for alpha-1 adrenoceptors, and alpha-1 blockade leads to direct arteriolar dilatation, which results in increased blood inflow and reduced outflow secondary to effacement and subsequent obstruction of emissary veins. 

A similar case is that of the Great Salt Lake, whose origin is Lake Bonneville (a remnant of a huge freshwater lake that lost its outlet to the sea), which receives inputs from several rivers and streams but with no outflow other than evaporation. It receives 2 million tons of dissolved salts each year, leached from soils and rocks, and its salinity fluctuates from 5% (similar to seawater) to 27% (near saturation) depending on the water inflow and rain input. 

Figure 18.1 Bar graph of maximum and minimum NO2 + NO3 concentrations measured in a variety of USA estuaries during years of average freshwater inflow conditions. Location of samples from these systems is indicated hy salinity regime (tidal freshwater, TF oligohaline, O mesohaline, M and polyhaline, P). Season in which maximum and minimum concentrations occurred are also indicated (winter, W spring, Sp summer, Su fall, F). Data were compiled hy Frank eta/. (2007).

The amount of inflow to a closed basin, including precipitation, must be closely balanced by evaporative loss in the basin in order to produce elevated salinities. Either excess or insufficiency in precipitation compared to evaporation will prompt the hydrologic response discussed above (Almendinger, 1990). 

A major component of groundwater in the inflow to a basin is required to avoid the vagaries of chmate and seasonality (Bowler, 1986 Rosen, 1994). The most concentrated saline lake waters result from a closely maintained balance between inflow and evaporation. Where dependent on sparse atmospheric precipitation and runoff, the salinity of a saline lake can vary by more than three orders of magnitude, and such conditions most commonly produce dry lakes or playas. 

The chemical evolution of saline lake waters begins with the acquisition of solutes in dilute inflow, primarily through atmospheric input and chemical weathering reactions. The solute composition of these waters is dictated by... 

In terms of volume, the large saline lakes of central and western Asia far exceed all others on Earth (Table 1). The Caspian Sea itself is the world s largest inland water body. The northern Caspian, in the area of its major inflow, the Volga, is less than 50 m deep. The central part of the sea... 

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