Saline electrolytes

Air gas-diffusion electrodes were developed, suitable for use in metal-air cell with alkaline or with saline electrolytes. A variety of carbon-based catalysts are used in these air electrodes. Methods for the estimation of the activity and the transport hindrances are proposed and used successfully for the optimization of the carbon-based catalysts. 

Al-air and Mg-air cells with saline electrolytes have also been... 

AIR-ALUMINIUM MECHANICALLY RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES WITH SALINE ELECTROLYTE... 

Air-Al batteries with saline electrolyte (NaCl solution) are simple in maintenance and low cost [4, 7, 19, 20],... 

In Moscow Power Engineering Institute (TU) portable air aluminum batteries with saline electrolyte were developed [7, 18, and 20], In our devices, the air electrodes consist of two layers. Diffusion layer contains PTFE, carbon black and metal screen active layer consists of activated carbon and PTFE. At 293 K and the range of current density 2-25 mA/ cm2 dependence of cathode potential E (in H-scale) upon current density J (Figure 2) may by written by the Tafel equation (12). 

Table 4. Parameters of some air-Al batteries with saline electrolyte. 

Voligova I.V., Korovin N.V., Kleimenov B.V., Dyachkov E.V. Air-Al batteries with saline electrolyte. In Fundamental problems of electrochemical power sources (FPEPS), I Kasarinov, ed. Saratov SGU, 1999, 169. 

Ion release from metallic prostheses and implants is the main origin of any unwanted primary or secondary reaction (Black 1988 Hildebrand and Hornez 1998), except for the electro-galvanic phenomena occurring in the oral cavity due to the presence of different dental alloys. In this case, the primary factor may be an electrochemically induced galvano-electric current used by the saliva as a favorable saline electrolyte (Bundy 1994 Hornez etal. 2000). 

Reserve magnesium-air power sources with saline electrolyte had been developed to feed life-belt on water and in mines. Specific energy such sources is 230-250 Wt hour/kg. 

Streaming potentials are produced by a flow of liquid forced through a capillary system. In 1943, Miller and Dent [2] presented experimental evidence that streaming potentials are the cause of the wave portions of an electrocardiogram. Later, several experimenters attempted to correlate electrocardiogram profiles with different physiological events, such as the effect of the pulsatile flow of saline electrolytes... 

The saline-electrolyte aluminium-air battery represents the most benign and environmentally acceptable electrical power source ever made. 

If we extrapolate the data to infinite frequency, where Cp = 0, then we see that the true sample capacitance Q = 0.001 fiF. If we now plot Cp versus frequency on a double logarithmic basis, we obtain the result shown in Figure 2.8c. The slope of this line is 0.85 and is the coefficient m which appears in the expression of Fricke s law. Normally m varies from 0.3 to 0.5 for platinum electrodes with a saline electrolyte. For the hypothetical sample selected, m = 0.85. 

CB consists of spherical and usually dense carbon nanoparticles with a low SSA (usually below 120 m /g)" and because of their high electrical conductivity, they are a common conductive additive to film electrodes composed of porous carbons. Indeed, as shown in Refs. 37 and 117, adding CB to CDI film electrodes made from AC significantly improves the salt removal in saline electrolytes with 670, and 1000 ppm NaCl. The very low SSA, however, limits the CDI performance of electrodes purely composed of CB particles, as shown in Refs. 6,42, and 43. 

Zinc, aluminum, or magnesium alloys are being used in reserve batteries using air as the cathode. With aluminum or magnesium, these batteries may be activated with saline electrolytes, and in some underwater application they may use oxygen dissolved in the seawater. Reserve or mechanically rechargeable air batteries, for higher-power applications such as for standby power or electric-vehicle propulsion, use zinc or aluminum alloys with alkaline electrolytes (also see Chapter 38). 

Portable Aluminum/Air Batteries. A number of batteries using saline electrolytes have been designed. In general, they are built as reserve batteries and activated by adding the electrolyte to the battery. 

The performance characteristics of an Alcan Aluminium Ltd saline electrolyte air aluminium cell are shown in Table 12.2... 

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