Salamander

More evidence for olfaction as an important sense in newt homing behavior was obtained by Grant et al. (1968). T. rivularis that were displaced after their olfactory epithelium was injected with formaldehyde oriented almost as well as controls. However, newts with surgically removed olfactory nerves failed to home. 

The northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) is a nonmigratory species with a relatively small home range (Barthalamus Beilis 1972). This species is capable of returning to its original 3-m capture sector after displacements 30 m upstream (Barthalamus Beilis 1969). Barthalamus and Beilis (1969) suggested that homing was based on olfactory cues because of the heavy forest canopy that would not allow them to home via celestial cues. 

In a follow-up study, Barthalamus and Beilis (1972) used anosmic, blinded, sham-treated, and normal salamanders and displaced them at 3-m intervals up to 30 m from a home site. Animals were blinded by cauterizing the eyes with a red-hot dissecting needle. Salamanders were rendered anosmic by cauterizing the olfactory epithelium with a red-hot 2 insect pin into the nasal cavity. The sham controls were burned between the eyes and nostrils with a red-hot dissecting pin. Each test group had a corresponding control animal. 

The homing abilities of the blinded and sham-treated salamanders were not significantly different from the normal displaced animals. More of these animals returned home than accepted their release site. However, more of the anosmic animals accepted their release site than returned home. The authors concluded that olfactory cues are important in homing in this species. 

Similar studies supported the suggestion that olfactory cues are important in homing and orientation in some salamander species (e.g.. Forester 1979) but not others (e.g., Landreth Ferguson 1967). 

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The amphibian metamorphosis test is based on the abiUty of thyroid hormones to induce precocious transformation of a tadpole into a frog or of the axolod into a salamander. It is rarely used because of solubiUty problems and the difficulty of applying the results to humans. 

Crustaceans, molluscs etc. disappear White moss increases Salmon, char, trout and roach die Salamander eggs fail to hatch... 

Hurtling, m. (Metal.) hard slag, also salamander. Harriot, n. hard solder, hartloten, v,t. hard-solder, t aze. 

Gatlaiid, K., cd. (1984). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology. 4th ed. London Salamander Books. 

Stock was born in Danzig, Poland, and his aptitude for science was displayed early in his boyhood collections of salamanders, butterflies, and plants. He studied at the University of Berlin where the chemistry facilities of the day were so limited that this brilliant experimentalist-to-be had to wait till liis third semester to approach a laboratory bench. He received the Ph.D. at the University of Berlin in 1899, graduating magna cum laude. 

Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders depend heavily on temporary ponds for breeding. These ponds are highly vulnerable to the "acid shock" events associated with storms or snowmelt. In several studies, reproduction of amphibians has been shown to be seriously restricted when acidity of their habitat decreases to a pH value of less than 5 14). 

Amphibians bullfrog, 2-lined salamander, slender salamander. 

De Solla SR, Bishop CA, Pettit KE, Elliott JE. 2002. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs of red-legged frogs Rana aurora) and northwestern salamanders (Ambystoma gracile) in an agricultural landscape. Chemosphere 46 1027-1032. 

In its central projections the vomeronasal pathway, distinguished by a unique lectin-affinity, ascends to an accessory olfactory bulb, while dorsal and ventral pathways supply the dorsal and ventral regions of the main olfactory bulb (Saito and Taniguchi, 2000). The AOS (but not the MOS) of salamanders displays considerable diversity in the... 

Fig. 2.7 Salamander nasal cavity TS — anterior to entry of naso-lacrimal duct. LD = lateral diverticulum NSE = non-sensory epithelium VNE = vomeronasal epithelium MOE = olfactory epithelium and RP = reflective pigment (after Dawley, 1988).

Fig. 3.2 Amphibian protein-chemosignalling PRF (plethodontid receptivity factor interleukin-6), broadcast from male salamander mental gland in the forward current produced by tail-fanning (after Arnold, 1997 Rollman, 1999).

The production of a female-influencing secretion from the chin gland of male Plethodontid salamander (P. jordani) points to a similar extension of function by the acquisition of female olfactory sensitivity to an intercellular signal protein. Female receptivity is enhanced by a male cytokine-like compound of the interleukin-6 family, in its released form. Rollman et al. (1999) note that pheromonal activity is a previously unrecognised function for cytokines. 

Fig. 5.3(a) Post-synaptic responses of Salamander bulbar neurones to a single odour pulse (arrow), at nostril (from Kauer, 1991). 

Fig. 7.2(a) Inter-sexual, direct scent transfer signal- injection , by scarification of female s skin. Male salamander transfers chin-gland secretion (inset) with dimorphic tooth-scraper (from Arnold, 1977). 

Temporal alterations in peripheral chemoreceptors are rare in vertebrates, but this group provides an example of transient enhancement of signal capture efficiency. The Red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) shows dimorphic and seasonal VNO volume fluctuations. Males always possess a significantly larger vomeronasal area, and both... 

Brown C. (1968). Additional observations on the function of the naso-labial grooves of Plethodontid salamanders. Copeia, 728-731. 

Eisthen H.L. (2000a). Presence of the vomeronasal system in aquatic salamanders. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B 355, 1209-1213. 

Feldhoff R.C., Rollman S.M. and Houck L.D. (1999). Chemical analysis of courtship pheromones in a Plethodontid Salamander. In Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (Johnston R.E., Miiller-Schwarze D. and Sorenson P., eds.). Kluwer, New York, pp. 117-126. 

Jaeger R. and Gergits W. (1979). Inter- and intra-specific communication in salamanders through chemical signals on the substrate. Anim Behav 27, 150-156. 

Mackay-Sim A. and Patel U. (1984). Cell-death in salamander neuroepithelium Exp Brain Res 57, 99-106. 

Rollmann S., Houck L. and Feldhoff R. (1999). Proteinaceous pheromone affecting female receptivity in a terrestrial salamander. Science 285, 1907-1909. 

Schmidt A. and Roth G. (1990). Central olfactory and vomeronasal pathways in salamanders. J Himforsch 31, 543-553. 

Schmidt A., Naujoks-Manteuffel C. and Roth G. (1988). Olfactory and vomeronasal projections and the pathway of the Nervus terminalis in ten species of salamanders — a whole mount study employing the horseradish-peroxidase technique. Cell Tissue Res 251, 45-50. 

Tristram D.A. (1977). Intraspecific olfactory communication in the terrestrial salamander Plethoden cinereus. Copeia 597-600. 

Marra, Massimo. Giuseppe Francesco Borri, between Crucibles and Salamanders by Massimo Marra. Translated by Carlo Borriello. 

Dickinson, Peter. The tears of the salamander. Random House, 2005. 197p. ISBN 0- 440-23823-4... 

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