Of salamander

Stock was born in Danzig, Poland, and his aptitude for science was displayed early in his boyhood collections of salamanders, butterflies, and plants. He studied at the University of Berlin where the chemistry facilities of the day were so limited that this brilliant experimentalist-to-be had to wait till liis third semester to approach a laboratory bench. He received the Ph.D. at the University of Berlin in 1899, graduating magna cum laude. 

In its central projections the vomeronasal pathway, distinguished by a unique lectin-affinity, ascends to an accessory olfactory bulb, while dorsal and ventral pathways supply the dorsal and ventral regions of the main olfactory bulb (Saito and Taniguchi, 2000). The AOS (but not the MOS) of salamanders displays considerable diversity in the... 

Fig. 5.3(a) Post-synaptic responses of Salamander bulbar neurones to a single odour pulse (arrow), at nostril (from Kauer, 1991). 

Schmidt A., Naujoks-Manteuffel C. and Roth G. (1988). Olfactory and vomeronasal projections and the pathway of the Nervus terminalis in ten species of salamanders — a whole mount study employing the horseradish-peroxidase technique. Cell Tissue Res 251, 45-50. 

FIGURE 7.16 (A) Photocurrents of salamander rod cells following light flashes giving between 10 and 2000 rhodopsin molecule isomerizations. (B) Calculated increments in phosphodiesterase hydrolytic rate constant. (From Lamb, T. D. and Pugh, Jr., E. N., Trends Neurosci., 15, 291-299, 1992. With permission.)... 

Houck, L.D. 1986. The evolution of salamander courtship pheromones. In D. Duvall, D. MiHler-Schwarze and R.M. Silverstein. (Eds.) Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Vol. IV Ecology, Evolution, and Comparative Biology. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 173-190. 

Larson, A., Weisrock, D.W. and Kozak, K. H. (2003) Phylogenetic systematics of salamanders (Amphibia Caudata), a review. In D.M. Sever (Ed.), Phytogeny and Reproductive Biology of Urodela (Amphibia). Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 31-108. 

Are these toxic compounds of urodeles effective against predators Shorttailed shrews [Blarina hrevicauda) prey on these animals their burrows often contain the remains of salamanders. Laboratory tests confirmed that their chemical defenses are effective noxious species of salamanders took the shrews longer to kill and had a higher survival rate than non-toxic species. The shrews needed more time to kill the toxic salamanders, and wiped their mouths more often (Brodie etal, 1979). 

A non-toxic species of salamander may derive protection from predators by visually resembling a toxic form so closely that predators cannot distinguish between them Batesian mimicry). Free-ranging birds avoid both the toxic red eft Notophthalmus viridescens) and the similar-looking non-toxic red morph of the red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus). The red-striped morph of P. cinereus, which does not resemble the red eft, is eaten (Brodie and Brodie, 1980). 

Correlation of salamander vomeronasal and main olfactory system anatomy with habitat and sex behavioral interpretations. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 6, ed. R. L. Doty and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 403-409. New York Plenum. 

Figure 2. Pn-slieled setnnJary strueiure of salamander red rod Tliudupsiii. The iriuiKiueiiihrane helices (boxed) are lie lined bused or Kylc-tJoolillle hydropathy plots hiuI siinikiriiy (o bovine rhodopsin. Lys29tjainlO Ll ]J are indi-...

Figure 5.1.1-1 Predicted secondaiy structure of salamander red rod rhodopsin as reported by Crouch Ma. Based on their identification of the source of this material as a red rod, it is likely that this material forms the substrate of the disks of a M-channel photoreceptor. See Crouch Ma, 2000 for details.

Figure 5.1.1-1 Predicted secondary structure of salamander red rod rhodopsin. 6...

Habermehl, G. 1966. Chemistry and toxicology of salamander alkaloids. Naturwissenschaften 53, 123-128... 

There are three orders within the class Amphibia. Order Anura is the largest of these, with over 5000 living species. This group includes frogs and toads. The order Urodela includes the 510 species of salamanders and their relatives. The smallest group is order Apoda, the caecilians, which are legless, blind, wormlike animals that borrow in the soil. 

Bishop, S.C. Handbock of Salamanders. New York Cornell Univeisity Press, 1994. 

I have here a small net (in appearance just like muslin) made of Salamander hair, to the four corners four similar hairs are attached as shown, the latter four hairs being fixed to a ring attached to the upright in this little stand. 

Fig. 2. Activity of salamander Amblystoma maculatum) larvae in 2.5% ethyl alcohol under increased hydrostatic pressure, photographed through Herculite plate glass windows of a stainless steel pressure chamber. Successive changes A-F) in pressure are indicated at the lower left corner of the photographs. These changes required a total period of about 4 min at room temperature (Ref. 34, Fig. 2,...

Shimizu used this version of the Beckmann fragmentation to construct the characteristic A ring of the steroidal alkaloids of salamanders from an androstane-... 

Shimizu used this version of the Beckmann fragmentation to construct the characteristic A ring of the steroidal alkaloids of salamanders from an androstane-3-one. Thus treatment of (12), prepared as described above from S androstane-17i3-ol-3-one, with tosyl chloride followed by desulfurization gave (14). This intermediate was converted to (15) by epoxidation followed by reaction with... 

The biosynthesis of salamander alkaloids starts from cholesterol. Insertion of nitrogen between the carbon atoms 2 and 3 of the steroid skeleton, and hydroxylation of carbon atom 16 is followed by stepwise degradation of the side chain to form alkaloids like samandinin or samandaridin. 

G. Habermehl, "Toxicology, Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Salamander Venom" in "Venomous Animals and Their Venoms" (W. Bucherl ... 

Salamander steroid alkaktids. Toxic compounds from skin gland secretions of salamanders, e, g. the fire salamander (Salamandra maculosa) and the alpine salamander (S. atra) that are produced as defensive substances against bacteria and fungi. About 10 of these toxins have been reported to date, they are all derived from 3-aza-A-homo-5/S-androstane. An important example is samandarine, which possesses an unusual ox-... 

Sexual isolation has arisen among numerous species of geographically isolated populations of salamanders (review by Arnold et al., 1993). Behavioral experiments indicate that the degree of reproductive isolation is stronger between sympatric species of large Plethodon than it is between allopatric populations of these species (Reagan, 1992). Sexual isolation may be due to species-specific differences in the chemosensory systems... 

Sih, A., and Moore, R. D., 1993, Delayed hatching of salamander eggs in response to enhanced larval predation risk. Am. Nat. 142 947-960. 

Table 1. The number of salamanders that avoided, were attracted to, or showed no choice to chemical treatments during early night trials.

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