Sage, antioxidant activity

The antioxidant activity of rosemary and sage (leaves and extracts) were most effectively investigated [96,97], Traditional extracts of spices and herbs are obtained by steam distillation (essential oil) or by extracting the botanical with solvents such as alcohol, hexane, or acetone, and removing the solvents by evaporation. The SFE process for production of the inherent natural antioxidants is now the most gentle and effective method [70],... 

In the year 1952, Chipault et al. mentioned that rosemary and sage have the best antioxidant activities, followed by oregano, thyme, clove, allspice and black pepper [28], By using the CO2 extraction the camosolic acid, the most effective substance in this respect, can be enriched to high concentrations. 

The abietane diterpene carnosic acid (89), a derivative of ferruginol, is found in the popular Labiatae herb, sage and rosemary and is considered a precursor of other diterpenoid constituents in the herb [20,21]. Wenkert et al [22] have established the structure of carnosic acid (89). Carnosic acid (89) and related diterpenes such as camasol (90) and rosemanol (91) Fig. (11) possess powerful antioxidant activities [23] but carnosic acid (89) is the most powerful potency among these diterpenes. Carnosic acid (89)... 

Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J.D., Deans, S.G., Biondi, D.M. and Ruberto, G. (1998) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of laurel, sage, rosemary, oregano and coriander essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1 0(6), 61 8-627. 

Dapkevicius et al. (1998) compared yields and antioxidant activities of four different extracts from rosemary and sage leaves an acetone, a water extract (both from deodorized plant material), and an acetone and SFC C02 extract (both from nondeodorized plant material). The yields (g per kg dry matter) ranged from 50.2 for the SFC C02 to 90.8 for the water extract from deodorized plant material. High antioxidant activity was found for the SFC C02 and the acetone extracts, but low activity was determined for all water extracts. This emphasizes the importance of camosol and carnosic acid that are extracted from leaves with water-ethanol solvent... 

The accessibility of natural phenolic compounds has opened up the intriguing possibility that one could apply these compounds in foods, cosmetics, and other lipid-containing systems. Rosemary and sage are well known for the highest antioxidant activity among herbs, and their extracts are used in foods because of the strong antioxidant properties. 

Madsen and Bertelsen (1995) reviewed the antioxidant activities of rosemary and sage extracts in meat products (Table 6.3) measured by the inhibition of thiobar-bituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In lard and meat products, rosemary and sage display the highest activity among other herbs. However, in oil-in-water emulsion, other spices such as clove, mace, turmeric and cinnamon are more effective. 

The strong antioxidant activity of plant material from rosemary and sage leaves compared to other herbs was already recognized by Chipault et al. (1952). The antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage are extensively documented and well related to the phenolic diterpenes. 

Fasseas, M.K., Mountzouris, K.C., Tarantilis, P.A., Polissiou, M., and Zervas, G., Antioxidant activity in meat treated with oregano and sage essential oils. Food Chem., 106, 1188, 2008. 

Cuvelier, M-E., Berset, C. and Richard, H. Use of a new test for determining comparative antioxidative activity of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols and extracts from rosemary and sage. Sci. Aliments 10, 797-806 (1990). 

Masuda, T., Inaba, Y. and Takeda, Y. Antioxidant mechanism of camosic acid Structural identification of two oxidation products. /. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 5560-5565 (2001). Masuda, T., Inaba, Y., Maekawa, T., Takeda, Y., Tamura, H. and Yamaguchi, H. Recovery mechanism of the antioxidant activity from camosic acid quinone, an oxidized sage and rosemary antioxidants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 5863-5869 (2002). 

Positive results were also reported for oregano oil added in poultry feed (Bassett, 2000). Antioxidant activities of rosemary and sage oils on lipid oxidation of broiler meat have been shown. Following dietary administration of rosemary and sage oils to the live birds, a sign cant... 

Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C. Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary. J Am Oil Chem Soc 19% 73 645%52. 

Antioxidant Activity of Organic Extracts from Aqueous Infusions of Sage. 2003. J Agric Food Chem, 57(23), 6696-6701. 

The antioxidant activity of sage Salvia officinalis) is related with the presence of antioxidants such as camosol, camosic acid, rosma-nol, and rosmarinic acid (Cuvelier et al. 1996). Camosol and camosic acid possess good peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity... 

Miura, K., Kikuzaki, H., and Nakatani, N. 2002. Antioxidant activity of chemical compounds of sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) measured by the oil stability index method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 1850-1855. 

Lu Y, Foo LY (2001) Antioxidant activities of polyphenols from sage (Salvia officinalis). Food Chem 75 197-202... 

Common sage and rosemary (see Table 8.32), plants of the Lami-aceae family, contain the diterpenes camosic acid, also known as rosmaricin (8-259), derived from ent-caurene, and bitter carnosol (picrosalvin, 8-260), which are potent antioxidants. Carnosic acid is a major component of fresh rosemary tops (1-2%), but is unstable and is enzymatically transformed into carnosol. These two diterpenoids represent about 15% w/w of plants haulm extracts and exhibit about 90% of extract antioxidant activity. Other transformation products of carnosic acid are rosmanol (7a-hydroxy derivative, 8-261), epirosmanol (7P-isomer, 8-262) and similar compounds. 

Roby, M., M. Atef Sarhan, K. A. Selim, and K. I. Khalel. 2013. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind. Crops Prod. 43(1) 827-831. 

Clary sage oil has shown in vitro antimicrobial Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermis) and antifungal activities Candida albicans). Active constituents were identified as linalool and a-terpineol/ Other antimicrobial compounds obtained from the whole plant include caryophyllene oxide, 2,3-dehydrosalvipisone, and 7-oxoroylea-none/ A methanolic extract of the dried leaves and stems showed high antioxidant activity in... 

Sage extracts, like those of rosemary, have strong antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo labiatic acid, carnosic acid, and the phenolic acids are reported to be the active compounds (see rosemary). Sage oil displayed chemopreventive activity against... 

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