Safety practices standards

British Standards National standards involving lest methods, specifications for quality, safety, performance, etc., and codes of practice. Standards are prepared by the British Standards Institution. Ref. British Standards Year Book. 

The two levels of NAAQS, primary and secondary, are Hsted in Table 3. Primary standards were set to protect pubHc health within an adequate margin of safety secondary standards, where appHcable, were chosen to protect pubHc welfare, including vegetation. According to the CAA, the scientific bases for the NAAQS are to be reviewed every 5 years so that the NAAQS levels reflect current knowledge. In practice, however, the review cycle takes considerably longer. 

One of the most significant laser safety standards is that developed by the Z-136 committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (55). Although it is voluntary, many organi2ations use the ANSI standard. It contains a number of items including a recommendation for maximum permissible levels of exposure to laser radiation for various wavelengths, exposure durations, and different parts of the body separation of lasers into four different classes according to the level of ha2ard they present and recommendation of safety practices for lasers in each of the classes. 

One of the six elements of Responsible Care is the Codes of Management Practice, and one of the codes is the Process Safety Code of Management Practices (34). This code emphasi2es management commitment and accountabiUty, information sharing, and community relations, but also includes 11 of the 14 specific elements of the legislated process safety management standards developed later. 

Where an effective informal system exists and is followed, the issue is one of style, not substance. A facility or unit may have a strong safety culture and sound safety practices, but its managers lack the habit of form documentation, or simply don t think it is important. Assuming that safety performance meets applicable standards, you will probably assign cases like these a relatively low priority, compared with other noncompliance situations. Cases like these are also often the easiest to fix since the fundamentals are already in place, what s required is simply to formalize the informal system by preparing and implementing documentation procedures. 

Compliance with existing recognized good industry practices, safety codes, standards, and governmental regulations... 

Safety and Health Committee "Work Practices Standard for Raw Cotton Dust" American Textile Manufacturers Institute Charlotte,... 

No one expected this disaster, and all procedures were being followed according to the standard safety practices of 1947. AN was a fertilizer, not an explosive No one had done the experimenf until the fire happened to get hot enough with a large enough quantity of AN to cause its detonation. 

The results of analysis were compared with the limits specified in the Commission Regulation (Joint MAFF and Department of Health Food Safety and Standards Group, 1999a,b). For the purposes of the survey, and in line with the usual practice followed by UK enforcement authorities, where samples were found to lie outside the statutory limits, an additional tolerance was added to take account of potential variations in the analytical methodology. The Commission Regulation makes it clear that an oil may not be considered to fit its description if any one of its characteristics lies outside the limits laid down. On this basis, the majority of the oils analysed were found to be correctly described and only four samples were found to exceed European Commission limits for one or more chemical criteria used to distinguish and authenticate the different grades of olive oil. 

These special characteristics do not by themselves preclude a transition of hydrogen into the consumer economy. But they do imply that the safety practices and skills that have evolved through many years handling of other fuels cannot be applied uncritically. Developing the unique safety codes, standards, and practices to support any emerging hydrogen economy will thus become an essential public task. 

A variety of product safety, work safety, environmental safety aspects and other legal aspects must be taken into consideration when a process is designed. Good Manufacturing Practice standards for facilities, equipment, and working procedures must be met. GMP approval is subject to inspection and requires constant attention and updating. Extensive documentation must be provided to comply with these requirements. 

Chemical Hazards. Chemical hazards are many and varied. It should be taken for granted that any chemical substance taken by mouth or inhaled is toxic until and unless definite assurance has been given to the contrary. Reactions that produce toxic fumes or vapors or entail risk of fire should always take place in a fume hood. As a matter of standard safety practice, never pipette any liquid or solution by mouth use a rubber pipetting bulb. Another insidious hazard is that of vapors from organic solvents. Such solvents should not be used indiscriminately for cleaning purposes, and spills should be avoided. Good ventilation is important. 

Dr. Frank P. Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control, 2d ed., ISBN 0-8169-1547-8. This is a three-volume set published by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. U.K., 1996. Dr. Frank Lees s epic three-volume masterpiece is without a doubt the premier source of practical and statistical pnKess safety reference material. Within the. 1,962 pages of valuable facts, nearly every aspect of process safety is covered. Should you wish additional description of the b(K)k. try Butterworth-Heinemann s web site at www.butterworth.heinemann.co.uk/register/ us/index.htm. Since this is a British text, there is little specific information on compliance with the OSHA Process Safety Management standard. A large index makes it easy to find specific subject material. List price 599, and worth every penny. I have seen discounted prices. 

RADWASS has been organized in a hierarchical structure of four levels of safety documents. The top-level publication is a document of safety fundamentals which provides the basic safety objectives and fundamental principles to be followed in national waste management programmes. The lower levels include safety standards, safety guides, and safety practice documents. The series has been structured in a logical and clear manner to reflect the systems approach to waste management. 

Safety/risk standards. There are many examples throughout history of this type of statutory safety/ risk standard. As early as 1266, England adopted a statutory standard of "not wholesome for man s body."(l) In its 1875 law, some 600 years later, it adopted a standard of "injurious to health."(4) These two standards are, of course, indistinguishable from both a legal and a practical standpoint. 

In practice, therefore, the distinction between these first two types of statutory safety/risk standards has not only been blurred, but probably obliterated. Both focus on the safety/risk element of the issue. Both also consider the benefit/cost element, largely sub silentio, in a broad brush and common sense way. If regulatory action is simply absurd, and will make the agency look foolish, it will be cUoan-doned. But close analysis of costs and benefits has had no significant impact upon any of these regulatory decisions. 

---