Rye cover crop

Queslati O, Ben-Hammouda M, Ghorbal MH, Guezzah M, Kremer RJ (2005) Barley autotoxicity as influenced by varietal and seasonal variation. J Agron Crop Sci 191 249-254 Raimbault BA, Vyn TJ, Tollenaar M (1990) Com response to rye cover crop management and spring tillage systems. Agron J 82 1088-1093... 

Cover crops, which include legumes and cereals, are grown specifically to protect the soil from erosion, enhance soil fertility, and suppress pests, including weeds (Lai et al., 1991). Cover crops are often grown not for harvest, but for soil enrichment. In some cases, a rye cover crop is harvested as forage, which provides additional feed for livestock producers (Curran et al., 1994b). Many different cover crops are used, but the most extensively used is winter or annual rye (Johnson et al., 1993). 

Curran, W.S., E.L. Werner, and G.W. Roth (1994b). Effect of a rye cover crop on weed control and com growth and yields. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc., 48 69. 

Experiments conducted on a Collington sandy loam by Martin (1941) showed that eroded material contained 3—8 times as much organic matter and nitrogen as the undisturbed soil. During a period of 2.5 years the pounds of organic matter lost per acre were 1,185 for a fertilized plot, 730 from fertilizer plus rye coVer crop, 950 from fertilizer plus 20 tons of stable manure, and 415 from fertilizer plus rye cover crop and 20 tons of manure. 

Study 2. The effects of wheat, oats, barley and rye mulches on three broadleaf weed species and crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) are shown in Table VI. Weed control data for the corn test at Kinston are not presented because of poor cover crop kill by the paraquat treatment. 

Inhibitive effects are especially influenced by amount of cover crop biomass and soil management. Weed dry matter was reduced when rye residues were greater than 3.7 Mg ha-1 (Crutchfield et al. 1985), and when wheat residues were greater than Mg ha-1 (De Almeida 1985). Fisk et al. (2001) reported that burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) and barrel medic (M. truncatula Gaertn.) reduced by 70% weed dry weights while weed density was not affected if were no-till seeded as winter-killed cover crops into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble. 

Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (1993) Light transmittance soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agronomy J 85 673-680 Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (2000) The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci 48 385-392 Teasdale JR, Pillai P (2005) Contribution of ammonium to stimulation of smooth pigweed germination by extracts of hairy vetch residue. Weed Biol Manag 5 19-25 Teasdale JR, Beste CE, Potts WE (1991) Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci 39 195-199... 

The non-legumes used as green-manure cover crops are mostly grasses. They are grown because they are economical, easily established and can quickly produce large amounts of organic material. Examples include aimual rye, oats, wheat and millet. 

Studies were conducted by Burgos and Talbert (1996) at the Main Agricultural Experiment Station in Fayetteville and the Vegetable Substation in Kibler, Arkansas, in 1992 and 1993 on the same plots to evaluate weed suppression by winter cover crops alone or in combination with reduced herbicide rates in no-till sweet com and to evaluate cover crop effects on growth and yield of sweet com. Plots seeded to rye plus hairy vetch, rye, or wheat had at least 50% fewer early season weeds than hairy vetch alone or no cover crop. None of the cover crops reduced population of yellow... 

Yenish, J. P., Worsham, A. D. and Chilton, W. S., 1995. Disappearance of DIBOA-glucoside, DIBOA, and BOA from rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop residue. Weed Sci. 43, 18-20... 

Many organic farmers plant a cover crop of winter rye on ridges prior to their soybean crop to assist in erosion and weed prevention. 

Include soil-improving crops. Leave room for soil-builders such as buckwheat, rye, or oats. With a little more space, you can grow clover or alfalfa, which remains in place for more than one year, enriching the soil and attracting beneficial insects. Sod crops, such as lawns, cover crops, or even weeds that are intact for several years, however, may harbor soil pests such as grubs or wireworms, which can damage root crops. Avoid crops such as potatoes and onions the first year after sod is plowed under. 

Some plants are allelopathic, which means they inhibit the growth of plants growing nearby. Their roots secrete substances that are toxic to a wide range of other plants. For example, a shallow-plowed cover crop of rye will inhibit the germination of small-seeded plants and weeds. Yellow and giant foxtail, nutsedge, quackgrass, sunflowers, and walnut trees all have allelopathic properties. Keep these rela-... 

Another very important benefit realized from the roots of green manure crops is the big effect on the aggregation of the finer-textured soils. Crops with very finely divided and extensive, but not necessarily deep, root systems are most effective. Small grain crops meet this requirement and are most used for this purpose (Benoit et al., 1962). A single heavy cover crop of rye, planted in the early fall, has been known to produce a very marked improvement of the soil. The chief factors and mechanisms involved in aggregate formation and stabilization, and the role that root systems play in the process, are discussed in Chapter 16. 

Abstract This chapter describes the underlying criteria and assumption in the development and execution of field and associated laboratory bioassays. It provides details and commentary regarding the materials and methods used. More specifically, describes how glyphosate-desiccated wheat and other cover crops (crimson clover, subterranean clover, and rye) in no-till systems can directly and indirectly influence morningglory, pigweed, and prickly sida seedling emergence, with emphasis on the role of phenolic acids in plant residues and soil. 

Wheat Triticum aestivum L. Coker 983 or Southern States 555 ), rye Secale cereale L. Abruzzi ), crimson clover (Trifolium incamatum L. Tibbee ), and subterranean clover (71 subterranean L. Mount Barker ) were used as cover crops. These cover crops were chosen because of their different physical and chemical characteristics (Fig. 3.2). Crimson and subterranean clovers are composed primarily... 

Fig. 3.2 Cover crops before they were desiccated with glyphosate (a) crimson clover (front right), subterranean clover (front left), wheat (back right) and rye (back left-, Blum et al. 1997). Wheat plots after they were desiccated with glyphosate (b) shoots cut and uncut and reference plot in the right-hand comer (Blum et al. 2002)...

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