Russian structure

The modern Russian MIA flaw detectors use pulse version of the method [1-3], which peirnits to produce very portable (0.7 - 1.5 kg) and simple instruments, convenient especially for in-service testing. The objects to be tested are multilayer structures of reinforced plastics, metals and other materials honeycomb panels, antenna fairings, propellers, helicopter rotors and so on. In mentioned instruments amplitude-frequency analog signal processing is used. 

Lange, Yu V. Low Frequency Acoustic Methods and Means for Nondestructive. Testing of Multilayer Structures. Moscow, Mashinostrojenije, 1991, 272 p. (in Russian)... 

The discovery of perfect geodesic dome closed structures of carbon, such as C o has led to numerous studies of so-called Buckminster fullerene. Dislocations are important features of the structures of nested fullerenes also called onion skin, multilayered or Russian doll fullerenes. A recent theoretical study [118] shows that these defects serve to relieve large inherent strains in thick-walled nested fullerenes such that they can show faceted shapes. 

Erkhov M.I. (1978) Theory of perfectly plastic bodies and structures. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian). 

Panasyuk V.V., Andreikiv A.V., Kovchik S.E. (1977) Methods of estimating the fracture toughness of structural materials. Kiev (in Russian). 

At the beginning of the century, nobody knew that a small proportion of atoms in a crystal are routinely missing, even less that this was not a mailer of accident but of thermodynamic equilibrium. The recognition in the 1920s that such vacancies had to exist in equilibrium was due to a school of statistical thermodynamicians such as the Russian Frenkel and the Germans Jost, Wagner and Schollky. That, moreover, as we know now, is only one kind of point defect an atom removed for whatever reason from its lattice site can be inserted into a small gap in the crystal structure, and then it becomes an interstitial . Moreover, in insulating crystals a point defect is apt to be associated with a local excess or deficiency of electrons. 

An important question relating to the structure of nanotubes is Are nanotubes made of embedded closed tubes, like "Russian dolls," or are they composed of a single graphene layer which is spirally wound, like a roll of paper Ijima et al. [2] espouse the "Russian doll" model based on TEM work which shows that the same number of sheets appear on each side of the central channel. Dravid et al. [4], however, support a "paper roll" structural model for nanotubes. 

The formation of fullerenes and CNTs has also been affected by their environmental atmosphere [22] and, in particular, a hydrogen atmosphere plays an important role in forming graphitic structures of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in the form of buckybundles [24]. Intercalation into MWCNTs has been difficult or impossible, because there is no space for intercalants to enter into a Russian-doll-type structure of the nanotubes. However, the buckybundles formed in the hydrogen arc discharge were found to be successfully intercalated with potassium and ferric chloride (FeCl3) without breaking the... 

The quaternary salt from 2-methylthiothiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine (111 Y = SMe) has been described but no structure has been advanced. Again the Russian workers report that a bis-etho-toluene- -sulfonate... 

Fig. 27. Structure of K.2NbOF5. Reproduced from [174], G. Z. Pinsker Kristallografiya, 11 (1966) 741, Copyright 1966, with permission of Nauka (Russian Academy of Sciences) publishing.

Fig. 31 Crystal structure of Rb sNb30Ft8. Projection on the plane (001). Numbers in brackets are the atom coordinates on the z-axis in percents of c parameter. Structure of NbOFj chains and NbFf polyhedron. Reproduced from [209], A. I. Agulyansky, V. E. Zavodnik, V. Y. Kuznetzov et al. Neorgan. Mater. 27 (1991) 380, Copyright 1991, with permission of Nauka (Russian Academy of Sciences) publishing.

Yu.E. Gorbunova Investigation of crystal structure of some carbonate containing hydroxocompounds of zirconium and oxyfluoroniobates -Abstract of dissertation, Moscow 1974 (in Russian). 

V.F. Chuvaev, R.L. Davidovich, Yu.A. Buslaev, Radiospectroscopy and quantum chemical methods in investigations of structure. Nauka, Moscow, 1967 p. 208 (in Russian). 

To understand how the electron has been applied to explanations of the periodic table we must start with the discovery of the periodic system itself. The Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev announced in 1869 that the properties of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic weight appeared to repeat after certain definite intervals. Yet even as this discovery became increasingly well established, Mendeleev remained strongly opposed to any attempt to reduce or explain the periodicity in terms of atomic structure. He resisted the notion of any form of primary matter, which was actively discussed by his contemporaries, and opposed... 

Voronin AD (1984) Structural functional hydrophysics of soil (in Russian). Moscow Univ Press, Moscow... 

Privalko VP (1986) Molecular structure and properties of polymers (in Russian) Khimia Publ, Leningrad... 

Marikhin, V. A., Myasnikova, L. P. Supermolecular structure of polymers (in Russian), Leningrad Khimiya 1977... 

A Russian expert system, PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) [84], uses substructural descriptors called multilevel neighborhoods of atoms [85] to predict over 900 different pharmacological activities from molecular structure. These activities include a number of toxicity end points such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. The accuracy of prediction has been shown [86] to range from about 85% to over 90%. One-off predictions can be obtained free of charge on the PASS website [84]. 

Let us note in addition that the layered sulfides M0S2 and WS2 have been found to form nanotubes and other fullerene-type structures, on account of their highly folded and distorted nature that favors the formation of rag and tubular structures. Such materials have been synthesized by a variety of methods [78] and exhibit morphologies, which were described as inorganic fiillerenes (IF), single sheets, folded sheets, nanocrystals, and nested IFs (also known as onion crystals or Russian dolls ). 

Afanasyeva, V.A. and Mironov, I.V. (2001) Gold(III) macrocydic complexes in aqueous solution. Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 27, 878 Afanasyeva, V.A., Glinskaya, L.A., Klevtsova, R.E. and Sheludyakova, L.A. (2005) Crystal and molecular structure of [Au(CuH24N4)][H30](C104)4. Joumal of Structural Chemistry, 46, 131. 

---