Climate change consequences

In this way, the insurance industry provides a coverage for climate change consequences because climate experts predict changes in the intensity and the distribution of extreme weather events and of the resulting risk of catastrophic property claims. 

Figure 1. The different roles of the insurance sector in the framework of climate change consequences...

Unfortunately, due to the global and poorly studied character of correlation between climate change and vegetation cover behavior (forest ecosystems, in particular), at present there are no reliable estimates of the climate change consequences for their productivity. The problems arising here are just beginning to be studied. This especially refers to the boreal forests that cover 15% of the land area (75% of them are in Eurasia, mainly in Russia). It is in these forests that the intensive gas and heat exchange with the atmosphere takes place. 

The situation is further complicated by the fact that gases other than CO2 are greenhouse gases. If we are worried about climate change consequences at the equivalent of 550 ppm CO2, we must take into account methane and other gases. It may be necessary to keep CO2 below 550 ppm to keep to the climate change consequences associated with that level of CO2. 

How well do GCMs simulate the spatial variability of climatic change Today s GCMs utilize data grids that partition the atmosphere into cells, each covering an area about the size of Colorado. A mean state of the atmosphere (temperature, humidity, cloud cover, for example) is computed for each cell. Consequently, any ou ut statistics (the prediction) has a lower spatial resolution (more genei ized, less detailed) than the real atmosphere is likely to manifest. 

This review mostly summarizes the scientific information available in developed countries, where the prevalence of diseases associated with water use is kept under very acceptable levels. However, there are reasons to think that the situation might worsen as a consequence of the effects of the climatic change, the increase of population in certain areas and the deterioration of sanitation infrastructures. It may be necessary to take new measures to maintain the present situation. Better knowledge of the water-borne pathogens, where they originate, how they persist or replicate in the environment, how they survive water treatments, and how they are transported in water and soil, will allow us to take the necessary measures to prevent the effects of water scarcity as well as the effects of extreme climatic events foreseen for the future by the experts in climatic change [13]. 

International agreements and legislation are now in place to limit global production and release of many of these materials. In addition to these restrictions, global emissions of CO2 may need to be reduced by 60% in order to avoid the worst consequences of climate change. 

Global climate change is predicted to have major consequences for plant growth and this will provide a fresh impetus for the mathematical modeling of the rhizosphere (101). 

But specifically, for what concerns the consequences of climate change, many problems arise to provide insurance coverage [13]. 

Insurance coverage can be also connected with the liability system. But, for what concerns the consequences of climate change, such as impacts of property damage from extreme weather events, the assignment of liability is a very complex topic. See Reference [12]. 

Climate change will affect, and in some cases is already affecting, most major types of insurance products. Insurers will feel the impact of climate change on property and casualty insurance, where the insurer bears the risk of a loss suffered directly by the policy holder. These property and casualty claims include not only damage to insured property as a direct result of weather but also claims for business interruptions and other consequences of weather-induced events. Also, health and life insurers are going to face increasing costs. 

The insurance industry is also developing new products that would have the consequences to stimulate the adaptation to climate change. On the one hand, products help to create the conditions for active adaptation to build physically resilient communities on the other hand, products provide capital and liquidity to help communities to cope with losses caused by climate change catastrophes. 

Climate is clearly "global" in both causes and consequences moreover, the emissions of GFIG have effects on global warming independently of their location, and local climatic changes are completely linked with the world climate system. 

Apart from of investigating the concentration of priority pollutants to assess the temporal and geographic trends as it has been done in the Ebro river basin until nowadays, the SCARCE project pretends to evaluate the consequences of the climate change in the water quality as well as predicting new environmental risks derived from water scarcity. This will be done by determining the presence of new priority (i.e. perfluorinated compounds) and emerging toxicants in Mediterranean river ecosystems in the Iberian Peninsula. In a subsequent step, the effects of chemical and environmental stressors on the biota will be assessed by combining field and experimental studies. The effects of multiple stressors will be addressed from a multi-biomarker perspective [27]. 

---