Ruminants digestion metabolism

C. S. Stewart, M. Fevre and R. A. Prins, in Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction, ed. W. von Englehardt, Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart, 1985, pp. 249-268. 

CH4 is responsible for the greenhouse effect in about 2.5% of the cases (Schonwiese 1995). CH4 emissions from agriculture derive primarily from ruminant livestock. Up to 80% of CH4 emissions come from digestive metabolism, whereas 20% develop from excretion. In the latter context, liquid manure systems bear a higher potential of CH4 release than stable manure systems. 

Baldwin, R.L 1995. Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, pp. 370-387, Chapman and Hall, London. 

Bauman, D.E., Lock A.L., Corl B.A., IpC., Salter A.M., Parodi P.W. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund, and M.O. Nielsen, eds.), pp. 523-555, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Academic Publishers. 

Griinari, J. M., Bauman, D. E. (2006). Milk fat depression concepts, mechanism and management application. In K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund, M. O. Nielsen (Eds.), Ruminant physiology digestion, metabolism and impact nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress (pp. 389-417). Amsterdam, Netherlands Wageningen Academic Publishers. 

Adapted from Symonds H W and Forbes J M 1993 Mineral metabolism. In Forbes J M and France J (eds) Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, Wallingford. CABI. 

Cronje P 2000 Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction, Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, WaWingiord, UK, CABI. [See also other volumes in this series.]... 

Cronje P B 2000 Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction. 

Sejrsen K, HvelplundT and Nielsen M O 2006 Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress, Wageningen, Wageningen Academic Publishers. 

This is a long-term goal that vHll require the availability of advanced dynamic, mechanistic models of ruminant digestion and metabolism... ... 

Baldwin, R.L., 1995. Modelling ruminant digestion and metabolism. Chapman Hall, New York, USA 469-518. Baldwin, R.L., J. France, and M. Gill, 1987a. Metabolism of the lactating cow. I. Animal elements of a meehanistie model. Journal of Dairy Research 54, 74-105. 

Effect of N source (soybean meal vs. whole lupin) and of yeast addition on digestion and ruminal N metabolism in sheep... 

Dimick, P. S., McCarthy, R. D. and Patton, S. 1970. Milk fat synthesis. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminant, Ed. A.T. Phillipson (Editor). Oriel Press, Newcastle on Tyne, p. 534. 

Digestion can be a limiting factor in the ability of organisms to utilize saccharides. Many adults lack the lactase enzyme required to hydrolyze lactose. When these individuals consume milk products, the lactose remains undigested in the intestine, where it is acted upon by bacteria. These bacteria produce gas and intestinal pain, and diarrhea may result. The lack of a digestive enzyme for cellulose in humans and virtually all other animals means that these animals cannot metabolize cellulose. The cellulosic plant material eaten by ruminant animals such as cattle is actually digested by the action of enzymes produced by specialized rumen bacteria in the stomachs of such animals. 

Dawson, R.M.C., Kemp, P. 1970. Biohydrogenation of dietary fats in ruminants. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (A.T. Phillipson, ed.), pp. 504-518, Oriel Press, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. 

The primary fate of dietary fibers is digestion and catabolism by the gut microflora to short-chain fatty acids and carbon dioxide. The major products of this microbial metabolism — acetic, propionic, and butyric acid — are important sources of energy for ruminants (sheep, cows). Dietary fiber is retained in a chamber of their gastrointestinal tracts, called the rumen, where it is converted to short-chain fatty acids by the gut microflora. The fatty acids produced may supply 35-75% of the energy requirement of the ruminant. 

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