Ruminants digestion

There are many modifications of this method, they may be to make the process more representative of the ruminant digestive system, or the desired residue may be just the plant cell walls. It is not always possible to say that one procedure is better than another, therefore the chosen procedure may be that which has been used by workers involved in animal nutrition over a number of years in a certain geographical area. The decision may be to use the usual procedure favoured by the referees for research papers in a particular journal. 

Element uptake from soil and transfer into the edible parts of plants have been addressed in several other studies. Soil-to-plant transfer factors in fruit and vegetables grown in various agricultural conditions have been determined for, for example, Pt [100], T1 [101], and various other metal contaminants [102], In a study on stable isotopes of fission product elements (Ce, Cs, Sr), an in vitro enzy-molysis method has been applied to investigate the solubilization of the analytes from fodder in a simulated ruminant digestion [103], The effect of inhibitors of fission product solubility was also considered and essential elements were determined simultaneously to evaluate potential nutrition problems for the animals from the use of such inhibitors. Selective leaching of individual classes of metal complexes with different ligands and sequential enzymolysis have been recently applied to estimate the potential bioavailability to humans of Cd and Pb in cocoa powder and related products [104]. 

Baldwin, R.L 1995. Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, pp. 370-387, Chapman and Hall, London. 

Kucuk, O., Hess, B.W., Ludden, P.A., and Rule, D.C. 2001. Effect of forage concentrate ratio on ruminal digestion and duodenal flow of fatty acids in ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 2233-2240. 

In the field of animal science, FT-IR microspectroscopy has been used to Unk animal feed performance (ruminant digestion) to locaUzed chemical distributions within specific corn, barley and canola varieties [43, 44]. A potential solution for remediating chemicals encountered environmentaUy in contaminated soil is to grow plants capable of mining such chemicals. As an example, sunflower stalks grown hydroponically were imaged by IMS to first locate, and then determine the relative uptake of, these materials [45]. The same group also reported selected... 

Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Bach, S. and McAllister, T. A. (2008). Effects of phlorotannins from Ascophyllum nodosum (brown seaweed) on in vitro ruminal digestion of mixed forage or barley grain. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145,375-395. 

The initial series of experiments assessed the stability of the conjugates to the pH and temperature conditions (37 °C) found in the mammalian GIT pH 1 and pH 9 were chosen to represent the normal extremes of acidity and basicity in the human. While pH 5 provided an intermediary value, it is also relevant to parts of the ruminant digestive system. The rate of degradation of the conjugates was monitored over a 24-hour period by LC-MS/MS (turbo ion spray interface). Optimization of the LC system provided an efficient method in which several compoimds could be analyzed simultaneously. During the early... 

Adapted from Symonds H W and Forbes J M 1993 Mineral metabolism. In Forbes J M and France J (eds) Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, Wallingford. CABI. 

Moyer, J.L., Hill, N.S., Martin, S.A. and Agee, C.S. (1993) Degradation of ergoline alkaloids during in vitro ruminal digestion of tall fescue forage. Crop. Set., 33,264— 266. 

Pure cellulose or the cellulose of straw after alkali or sulfite treatment is almost completely digested (80% or more) by the ruminant and also by the pig. When the digestibility of the fibers of straw is compared, however, the ruminant digests more than the horse, and the digestibility in the pig is very low and variable. ... 

Thalib A (2004) In vitro study of effectiveness of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit as methanogenesis inhibitor on ruminal digestion system. J Dmu Temak Veteriner 9 164-171 (in Indonesiem)... 

Wenninger, P. and Shipley, L. (2000) Harvesting, rumination, digestion, and passage of fruit and leaf diets by a small ruminant, the blue duiker. Oecologia, 123 466 74. 

Robb, P., Owen, L. M. W., and Crews, H. M. (1995). Stable isotope approach to fission product element studies of soil-to-plant transfer and in vitro modelling of ruminant digestion using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10(9), 625. 

This is a long-term goal that vHll require the availability of advanced dynamic, mechanistic models of ruminant digestion and metabolism... ... 

Baldwin, R.L., 1995. Modelling ruminant digestion and metabolism. Chapman Hall, New York, USA 469-518. Baldwin, R.L., J. France, and M. Gill, 1987a. Metabolism of the lactating cow. I. Animal elements of a meehanistie model. Journal of Dairy Research 54, 74-105. 

Ruminally digested starch was calculated from starch concentration, in sacco degradability (INRA, 2007) and the empirical model of ruminal starch digestion (Qfifner and Sauvant, 2004). This model accounts for the difference between in sacco and in vivo ruminal degradation of starch and the effects of intake level. 

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