Route of immunization

Mestecky, J., Michalek, S. M., Moldoveanu, Z., and Russell, M. W. (1997). Routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems for optimal mucosal immune responses in humans. Behring Inst. Mitt. 98, 33-43. 

Type of Agent type Route of Immunization dose (primary booster)... 

Transcutaneous and other routes of immunization immune adjuvants (cMIA I and II) mixed with Newcastle-disease vaccine ... 

It is a common practice to use adjuvants mixed with the antigen to help boost immune response by slow release of the antigen, which leads to extended exposure of the immune system to the antigen. The most common adjuvants used for the production of antibodies are complete (CFA) and incomplete (IFA) Freund s adjuvant. Both are a combination of water-in-oil emulsions and a surfactant, but they differ in the presence of killed mycobacterium in the complete formula. Because of potential side effects of CFA, its use is limited to the first immunization, and booster doses are applied in IFA. Other adjuvants used are aluminum salts and synthetic polymers, but in our experience they are not as effective as CFA and IFA. We have found that by choosing the amount of inoculum and route of immunization carefully, most adverse side effects of CFA use can be minimized or avoided. 

Gahery-Segard H, Juillard V, Gaston J, etal. Humoral immime response to the capsid components of recombinant adenoviruses routes of immunization modulate virus-induced Ig subclass shifts. Eur J Immimol 1997 27 653-659. 

Since the limited information available on the effects of dermally administered endosulfan suggests that this chemical behaves similarly across both routes of exposure and that adverse effects on immune function end points have also been observed in vitro, there is no reason to suspect that the immunotoxic effects observed following oral exposure are route-specific. Tests of immunologic function in exposed human populations would provide information as to whether immunosuppression also occurs in humans... 

Two major advantages stem from the use of live vaccines. Firstly, the immunization mimics a natural infection such that only a single exposure is required to render an individual immune. Secondly, the exposure may be mediated through the natural route of infection (e.g. oral) thereby stimulating an immime response that is appropriate to a particular disease (e.g. secretory antibody as primary defence against poliomyelitis virus in the gut). 

Immunotoxicity. The data in humans are limited to a few studies of immune function in lead workers and a study of firearm instructors. In both type of studies, inhalation is assumed to be the primary route of exposure. One study reported significant suppression of IgA levels (Ewers et al. 1982). Another study indicated that serum immunoglobulin levels were not significantly altered (Alomran and Shleamoon 1988). Another large study examined several parameters of immune function (serum immunoglobulins, PHA response, and natural killer cell activity) and found no differences in exposed workers and controls (Kimber et al. 1986b). The study of firearm instructors found functional impairment of cell-mediated immunity in subjects with PbB levels >25 pg/dL (Fischbein et al. 1993). A recent study that evaluated a... 

Recombinant DNA technology has provided an alternative (and successful) route of reducing the innate immunity of murine monoclonals. The genes for all human immunoglobulin sub-types have been cloned, and this has allowed generation of various hybrid antibody structures of reduced immunogenicity. 

To examine the influence of different routes of administration of lipospheres on their immunogenicity, rabbits were immunized orally or parenterally (by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes) with lipospheres made of tristearin and lecithin (1 1 molar ratio) and containing the malaria antigen. The immune response obtained was followed with time for a period of 12 weeks postimmunization. 

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

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