Roundworm

The hexahydrate fonns colourless crystals, m.p. 44 C (104 C when anhydrous), b.p. 126 C. Made by the action of alcoholic ammonia on 1,2-dichloroethane, piperazine is used in human and veterinary medicine in the treatment of threadworm and roundworm infestations. 

Carbon disulfide (qv) is used, in combination with other orally administered anthelmintics, by stomach tube for hots Gastrophilus sp. larvae) and ascarids (roundworms) of horses. 

Diethylcarbama2ine [98-89-1/ is a pipera2ine derivative which is given daily as a prophylactic for canine heartworm disease Dirofilaria immitis) or as a therapeutic for roundworms. D. immitis is transmitted only by mosquitoes, and therefore the period of administration varies geographically, depending on temperatures and humidity which regulate the mosquito life cycle. 

Mansonella perstans) roundworm A.scaris lumbricoides) Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) ... 

Piperazine Salts. Pipera2ine citrate is highly effective against bothM. lumbricoides (large roundworm) and E. vermicularis (pinworm). A large number of substituted pipera2ine derivatives exhibit anthelmintic activity however, only diethylcarbama2ine (9) is used clinically (26). 

Pipera2ine is taken orally by nonfasting subjects. Eor large roundworms, one dose a day on two consecutive days reportedly cures approximately 90% of cases treated (27). This dmg can be used for pinworms with a 7-d course of treatment. 

For hookworms, treatment is continued for three days. In roundworms, muscle tissue is stimulated continuously, resulting in spastic paralysis. The dmg was introduced in veterinary medicine in 1966 and then appHed to clinical medicine three years later. 

Ivermectin is active against two significant phyla of animal parasite the Nemathehninthes or nematodes (roundworms) and the Arthropoda (insects, ticks, and mites). Ivermectin is inactive against platyhehninthes (flukes and tapeworms). 

Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis roundworm disease Ascaris pneumonia... 

Toxocara canis Dog roundworm disease, visceral larva migrans... 

So efficient is the automated dideoxy method that sequences up to 1100 nucleotides in length, with a throughput of up to 19,000 bases per hour, can be sequenced with 98% accuracy. After a decade of work, preliminary sequence information for the entire human genome of 2.9 billion base pairs was announced early in 2001- Remarkably, our genome appears to contain only about 30,000 genes, less than one-third the previously predicted number and only twice the number found in the common roundworm. 

Much of our knowledge of the structure and function of endocytic receptors is based on the analysis of the LDL receptor gene family. Member s of this extended gene family can be found in a variety of species ranging from roundworms to insects, to vertebrates. Ten receptors exist in mammalian organisms, all of which share common structural motifs required for receptor-mediated... 

Anthelmintic (against helmintiis) drugs are used to treat helminHiiasis. Roundworms, pinworms, whipworms,... 

Although more people are being fed than ever before, there are also more malnourished humans than ever before. Thus, more than 1.6 billion of the 5.3 billion people living today are malnourished and do not have access to adequate supplies of food (3), Clearly, a malnourished person cannot lead a fully productive life. The plight of these people is more serious than just a lack of adequate food, for many are ill with disease and/or carry heavy loads of parasites. For example, a survey of school children in Kwale District, Kenya showed that 96% were infected with hookworms, 50% with roundworms, 95% with whipworms, and 40% with schistosomiasis... 

The greatest surprise provided by the results to date has been the apparently low number of genes encoding proteins, estimated to lie between 30,000 and 40,000. The higher number could increase as new data are obtained. This number is approximately twice that found in the roundworm (19,099) and three times that of the fruit... 

Human genes do more work than those of the roundworm or fruit fly (eg, alternative splicing is used more frequently). 

Relatively few new protein domains appeat to have emerged among vertebrates. However, the numbet of distinct domain architectures (-1800) in human proteins is 1.8 times that of the roundworm or fruit fly. About 90 vertebrate-specific families of proteins have been identified, and these have been found to be enriched in proteins of the immune and nervous systems. 

Many important findings have already emerged. The one to date that has generated the most discussion is that the number of human genes may be only two to three times that estimated for the roundworm and the fruit fly. 

Anthelmintic agents have been utilized to treat a multimde of nematode infections. These include roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in cattle and swine. Two classes of compounds included as anthelmintic agents will be discussed here, lev-amisole and thiabendazoles (thiabendazoles can also act as pesticides). Thiabendazoles can cause nephrotoxicity, teratogenesis, and immunosuppression and can disrupt endocrine balance. Because of these toxicides, residues of these compounds in food animals are of food safety concern. 

Maguire JH. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2005 3260-3267. 

Coop, R. (1986) Subclinical parasitism The insidious effects of roundworms on lamb performance. Science and Quality Lamb Production, 24-5, Agricultural and Food Research Council, London. 

Bacillus for paratyphoid are destroyed. A residence time of 14 days at >35°C in a small-scale system in a developing country can provide 99+% removal of pathogens, with the exception of roundworm [20, 21]. 

Schad, GA. (1989) Morphology and life history of Strongyloides stercoralis. In Grove, D.I. (ed.) Strongyloidiasis a Major Roundworm Infection of Man. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 85-104. 

Ferguson, D.L., Rhodes, M.B., Marsh, C.L. and Payne, L.C. (1969) Resistance of immunised animals to infection by the larvae of the large roundworm of swine (Ascaris suum). Federation Proceedings 28, 497. 

Brownlee, D.J.A., Fairweather, I., Johnston, C.F., Smart, D., Shaw, C. and Halton, D.W. (1993b) Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the roundworm, Ascaris suum (Nematoda, Ascaroidea). Parasitology 106, 305-316. 

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