Robbins conditions

Robbins conditions (third kind) The derivative of the dependent variable is given as a function of the dependent variable itself. For the heat conduction problem, the heat flux at the solid-fluid interface may be related to the difference between the temperature at the interface and that in the fluid, that is. 

Eq. (6.39) provides (< + 1) additional equations without introducing additional variables. In the case of Robbins condition at the left boundary in the form... 

Figure E6.1 d Solution of the Poisson equation with Robbins conditions.

When a Neumann or Robbins condition is specified, a forward or backward finite difference approximation of the first derivative of order O(h ) is applied at the start or end point of the x-direction, respectively. 

When Neumann or Robbins conditions are specified, for example, (for Neumann condition... 

Similarly, if the Neumann or Robbins condition is at the upper boundary, the dependent variable can be calculated from... 

Eqs. (6.100)-(6.103) can be used at the boundaries with Dirichlet condition where the dependent variable at the boundary is known. Treatment of Neumann and Robbins conditions where the normal derivative at the curved or irregular boundary is specified is more complicated. Considering again Fig. 6.9, the normal derivative of the dependent variable at the boundary can be expressed as... 

Replacing Eqs. (6.111) and (6.112) into Eq. (6.104) provides the normal derivative which can be used when dealing with Neumann or Robbins conditions at an irregular boundary. Similarly in the y-direction ... 

P. A. Thompson, M. O. Robbins. Shear flow near solids epitaxial order and flow boundary conditions. Phys Rev A 47 6830-6837, 1990. 

Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JG (2007) Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 627-636 Tanda G, Pontieii FE, Di Chiara G (1997) Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mul opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276 2048-2050 Taylor JR, Robbins TW (1984) Enhanced behavioural control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 84 405 12... 

AntheneUi RM, Despres IP (2004) Effects of Rimonabant in the reduction of major cardiovascular risk factors. Results from the STRATUS-US trial (smoking cessation in smokers motivated to quit), American College of Cardiology 53rd Annual Scientific Session, New Orleans, LA Arroyo M, Markou A, Robbins TW, Everitt B1 (1999) Acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration under a second-order schedule of reinforcement in rats effects of conditioned cues and continuous acces to cocaine. Psychopharmacology 140 331-344... 

Yeh and Falvey 1991). However, the cyclobutyl dimer of a quinone, and a dithymoquinone, also cleaves on single-electron rednction but much slower than the pyrimidine dimers (Robbins and Falvey 1993). It is truly an unresolved issue as to why the anion-radical cleavage depicted in Scheme 3.72 is so facile. Water participation can probably decrease the barrier of the cycloreversion on physiological conditions (Saettel and Wiest 2001, 2006). Besides, hydration effect is known to increase the electron affinities of nucleic bases (Scheidt et al. 1998, Kim and Schaefer 2007a, 2007b). 

Kida S, Josselyn SA, de Ortiz SP, Kogan JH, Chevere I, Masushige S, Silva AJ (2002) CREB required for the stability of new and reactivated fear memories. Nat Neurosci 5 348-355 KUlcross S, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (1997) Different types of fear-conditioned behaviotu mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala. Nature 388 377-380 Kim JJ, Fanselow MS (1992) Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science 256 675-677... 

The conditions under which HC1 formed in acidified sodium chloride droplets would be expected to enter the gas phase have been treated by Clegg and Brimble-combe (1990). Cadle and co-workers (Robbins et al., 1959 Cadle and Robbins, 1960) observed that NaCl aerosols in the presence of 0.1-100 ppm NOz at relative humidities of 50-100% lost chloride ion from the particles. They ascribed this to the formation of nitric acid from NOz, followed by reaction (1). Schroeder and Urone (1974) subsequently suggested that NOz could react directly with NaCl to produce gaseous nitrosyl chloride, C1NO, which they observed using infrared spectroscopy stoichiometrically, this is represented as... 

This is called the partially reflecting or radiation boundary condition by analogy to the heat conduction equation analyses. It is also variously called a mixed, an inhomogeneous or the Robbins boundary condition because it mixes the value of the dependent variable p and the first... 

The Robbins interpolation procedure can rapidly convert typical manufacturer data into a powerful pressure drop predictor. It requires no special interpolation charts. It is ready for use with any new packing that may crop up. On the other hand, the GPDC interpolation charts bring together data from different sources, test systems, and operating conditions. The GPDC interpolation charts compare the data and check data validity. The author believes that the two interpolation procedures are complementary, and recommends both within their application changes. 

Incentive arousal role of dopamine and the behavioral effects of psychostimulants. An incentive arousal role of DA is best suited to explain many behavioral properties of psychostimulants. Indeed, the notion of an incentive role of endogenous DA is largely derived from the role attributed to DA as the substrate of the effect of psychostimulants on reinforcement and instrumental responding (Di Chiara, 1995). Psychostimulants elicit typical unconditional incentive effects in the form of approach towards stimuli and exploratory behavior related to novelty of the context. Psychostimulants also facilitate conditioned reinforcement (the ability of a Pavlovian CS to elicit responding instrumental to its presentation) (Robbins et al., 1989), an effect involving preliminary Pavlovian association with a reward and therefore related to the incentive properties of the stimulus. 

Amphetamine given systemically or infused in the nucleus accumbens facilitates responding with conditioned reinforcement and this effect can be prevented by doses of neuroleptics or by 6-OHDA lesions that per se do not impair normal responding (Hill, 1970 Robbins, 1975 Beninger et al., 1983 Taylor and Robbins, 1984 Kelley and Delfs, 1991). This effect has been explained to be due to the positive motivational properties of amphetamine (Hill, 1970) or to its activational properties (Robbins et al., 1983). 

The relevance of these observations for the role of DA in the behavioral properties of nonpsychostimulant drugs of abuse is unclear. Thus, systemic morphine and even systemic cocaine reportedly fail to increase the control over behavior by conditioned stimuli (Robbins et al., 1983). 

Ito R, Dailey JW, Howes SR, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2000) Dissociation in conditioned dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in response to cocaine cues and during cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. J Neurosci 20 7489-7495. 

Parkinson JA, Olmstead MC, Burns LH, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (1999) Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive Pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J Neurosci 79 2401-2411. 

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