Conditioned reinforcement

Not only do cues control nicotine use, but nicotine exposure also enhances conditioned reinforcement in rats and mice for weeks following exposure to nicotine106-109 (Figure 2.4), and can... 

Olausson, P., Jentsch, J.D., Taylor, J.R. Repeated nicotine exposure enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 173 98, 2004. 

Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JG (2007) Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 627-636 Tanda G, Pontieii FE, Di Chiara G (1997) Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mul opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276 2048-2050 Taylor JR, Robbins TW (1984) Enhanced behavioural control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 84 405 12... 

HUl RT (1970) Facilitation of conditioned reinforcement as a mechanism of psychomotor stimulation. In Garattimi EGAS (ed) Amphetamines and related compounds. Raven, New York, pp 781-795... 

Olausson P, Jentsch JD, Taylor JR (2003) Repeated nicotine exposure enhances reward-related learning in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 1264-1271 Olausson P, Jentsch JD, Taylor JR (2004) Nicotine enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 171 173-178... 

Schuster CR, Woods JH (1968) The conditioned reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with morphine reinforcement. Int J Addict 3 223-230... 

Incentive arousal role of dopamine and the behavioral effects of psychostimulants. An incentive arousal role of DA is best suited to explain many behavioral properties of psychostimulants. Indeed, the notion of an incentive role of endogenous DA is largely derived from the role attributed to DA as the substrate of the effect of psychostimulants on reinforcement and instrumental responding (Di Chiara, 1995). Psychostimulants elicit typical unconditional incentive effects in the form of approach towards stimuli and exploratory behavior related to novelty of the context. Psychostimulants also facilitate conditioned reinforcement (the ability of a Pavlovian CS to elicit responding instrumental to its presentation) (Robbins et al., 1989), an effect involving preliminary Pavlovian association with a reward and therefore related to the incentive properties of the stimulus. 

Facilitation of conditioned reinforcement and transfer from Pavlovian to... 

Amphetamine given systemically or infused in the nucleus accumbens facilitates responding with conditioned reinforcement and this effect can be prevented by doses of neuroleptics or by 6-OHDA lesions that per se do not impair normal responding (Hill, 1970 Robbins, 1975 Beninger et al., 1983 Taylor and Robbins, 1984 Kelley and Delfs, 1991). This effect has been explained to be due to the positive motivational properties of amphetamine (Hill, 1970) or to its activational properties (Robbins et al., 1983). 

Beninger RJ, Phillips AG (1980) The effect of pimozide on the establishment of conditioned reinforcement. 

Kelley AE, Delfs JM (1991) Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. Differential effects of amphetamine microinjections into striatal subregions. Psychopharmacology 705 187-196. 

Parkinson JA, Olmstead MC, Burns LH, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (1999) Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive Pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J Neurosci 79 2401-2411. 

Robbins TW (1975) The potentiation of conditioned reinforcement by psychomotor stimulant drugs DA test of Hill s hypothesis. Psychopharmacol 45 103-114. 

Robbins TW, Watson DA, Gaskin M, Ennis C (1983) Contrasting interactions of pipradrol, d-amphetamine, cocaine, cocaine analogues, apomorphine and other drugs with conditioned reinforc-mento. Psychopharmacol 50 113-119. 

Taylor JR, Robbins TW (1984) Enhanced behavioral control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of D-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 54 405-412. 

---