Roadway soil

Freeman RA, Schroy JM, Hileman FD, et al. 1986. Environmental mobility of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and companion chemicals in a roadway soil matrix. In Rappe C, Choudhary G, Keith LH, eds. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in perspective. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc., 171-183. 

PCBs may be released to soil from accidental leaks and spills releases from contaminated soils in landfills and hazardous waste sites deposition of vehicular emissions near roadway soil and land application of sewage sludges containing PCBs (Alcock et al. 1995 Benfenati et al. 1992 Choi et al. 1974 Gan and Berthouex 1994 Gutenmann et al. 1994 Liberti et al. 1992 McLachlan et al. 1994 Morris and Lester 1994 O Connor et al. 1990 Ohsaki and Matsueda 1994). 

However, lead inputs to a more localized atmosphere can occur by reentrainment of lead from depositional sites such as roadway soils and dusts to the contiguous atmosphere. Other sources of reentrained dust lead are fugitive dusts mobilized from point source waste storage or persisting surface contamination. The long half-life of lead in these media assures that resuspended lead levels in the atmosphere will pose exposure problems for future decades. 

Wind erosion of contaminated soils —Vehicle travel over contaminated roadways... 

An embankment refers to a volume of longitudinal earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of raising the level of a roadway (or railway) above the level of the existing ground surface. A fill refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of filling in a hole, cavity, or excavation. Embankments or fills are constructed of materials that usually consist of soil, but may also include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material. 

Higher levels of lead in soil can be measured near roadways. This accumulation came from car exhaust in the past. Once lead falls onto soil, it usually sticks to soil particles. Small amounts of lead may enter rivers, lakes, and streams when soil particles are moved by rainwater. Lead may remain stuck to soil particles in water for many years. Movement of lead from soil particles into underground water or drinking water is unlikely unless the water is acidic or "soft." Movement of lead from soil will also depend on the type of lead salt or compound and on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. 

Local Site Condition Evaluation. In addition to visiting the site, drawing up a contour map and geology reports, acquiring soil-bearing information, and a knowledge of boundaries, setbacks, local requirements, utility tie-in locations, sewer connections, access to roadways, pipelines, railroads, etc, may be needed to make a full assessment. 

Nowak, B. (1995) Sequential extraction of metal forms in the soil near a roadway in southern Poland. Analyst, 120, 737-739. 

Uses In pure form, dicamba is a white crystalline solid. The technical acid is a pale buff crystalline solid. Dicamba is a benzoic acid herbicide that is used for the control of infestation on leaves and soil. Dicamba controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in grain crops and grasslands, and is used to control brush and bracken in pastures. It kills broadleaf weeds before and after they sprout. Legume weeds are killed by dicamba. In combination with a phenoxyalkanoic acid or other herbicides, dicamba is used in pastures, rangeland, and noncrop areas such as fencerows and roadways to control weeds.2,17... 

Therefore, manufacturing and processing industries are sources of the nitrophenols in soils and may cause groundwater contamination near the disposal sites. As has been discussed in Section 5.2.2, the application of parathion formulations to foliage could be an additional source of 4-nitrophenol in soil. Atmospheric to terrestrial transfer, primarily through rainwater and snow, will be secondary sources of the nitrophenols in water and soil (Luenberger et al. 1988). Deposition of vehicular exhaust on roadways is another source of nitrophenols in soil. No quantitative estimate of the amounts of the two nitrophenols released into soil from the latter three sources is available. 

Keep Soils Out of Sewers Use road sweeper to remove dirt from roadways and concrete areas which would otherwise blow or be washed into the drainage system. Develop and install new sewer boxes designed to reduce soil movement into sewer system, particularly from Tankfarm area. Estimate cost for installation on a refinery-wide basis. Both items reduce soil infiltration, in turn reducing hazardous solid waste generation. 

Engineering solutions to reduce soil intrusion to the drainage system include (1) using a road sweeper to collect soil and catalyst fines from roadways and process areas before they are blown or washed into the drainage system, and (2) modifying sewer box designs, particularly in earthen areas such as the tank field, to keep soil from entering with water runoff. 

Of the six heavy metals discussed in this chapter, Pb has been studied extensively with respect to the environmental effects. Clair Patterson, the father of environmental Pb studies, in one of his many major publications concerning the global Pb cycle (Patterson and Settle, 1987), noted that during pre-industrial times Pb in the troposphere originated from soil dusts and volcanic gases. In modern times (1950-1980) the proportion of natural Pb in the atmosphere is overwhelmed by the industrial sources of smelter emissions and automobile exhausts. Lead air pollution levels measured near our Nation s roadways decreased 97% between 1976 and 1995 due to the consequence of the Clean Air Act that eliminated leaded gasoline which interfered with the performance of catalytic converters. 

Yang SYN, Connell DW, Hawker DW, et al. 1991. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air soil and vegetation in the vicinity of an urban roadway. Sci Total Environ 102 229-240. 

Ball J, Norton CM, Andrews JW. 1985. Environmental feasibility of using creosote contaminated soil and sludges in roadway paving structures. In Bell JM, ed. Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste Conference. May 1984. Purdue University. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc, 361-368. 

---