Rice, biomass yield

Vietnam is the second largest rice exporting country in the world where the potential of biomass residues from rice is therefore large. The national rice production yield has increased over years at 39.99 milhon tonnes in 2010 and 49.27 million tonnes... 

Smidansky ED, Martin JM, Hannah LC, Fischer AM, Giroux MJ. Seed yield and plant biomass increases in rice are conferred by deregulation of endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Planta 2003 216 656-664. 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

Sakamoto T, Morinaka Y, Ohnishi T, Sunohara H, Fujioka S, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Mizutani M, Sakata K, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Tanaka H, Kitano H, Matsuoka M (2006) Erect leaves caused by brassinosteroid deficiency increase biomass production and grain yield in rice. Nat Biotech 24 105-109... 

The production of 5-HMF and furfural from lignocellulosic biomass (com stalk, rice straw and pine wood) in ILs, catalyzed by CrCls imder microwave irradiation, was reported with yields 45-52% and 23-31% respectively, from corn stalk, rice straw and pine wood in less than 3 min (Table 2) [3]. This method paved the way for energy-efficient and cost-effective conversion of biomass into biofuels and platform chemicals [3]. 

The overall ethanol yields of starch-based crops are between 180 L/t (cassava) and 430 L/t (rice), and the yield for the lignocellulosic biomass are approximately between 152 L/t (rice straw), and 270 L/t (lodgepole pine). Depending on the physical stmcture and lignin contents of the biomass, the costs and yield of the bioconversion process can vary dramatically. For example, some softwood species contain more than 29% lignin and are more difficult to be hydrolyzed without pretreatment. Several studies have produced estimates of the cost to produce cellulosic ethanol ranging between US 0.23/L and US 1.37/L, adjusted to 2015 dollars (ie, the number was modified based on Haque and Epplin (2012)). 

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