Rhinitis and sinusitis

Nasal polyps, rhinitis, and sinusitis resistant to long courses of antibiotics and surgical intervention have been described in five patients taking non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (propranolol and timolol) (117). The symptoms resolved when the drugs were withdrawn and did not recur when betai-selective adrenoceptor blockers (metoprolol or atenolol) were given instead. 

Indications External invasion of wind evils headache. Common cold and flus with headache, migraines, tension headache, neurogenic headache, acute and chronic rhinitis and sinusitis, vertigo... 

Honey is also exceptionally effective in respiratory ailments. A Bulgarian study of 17,862 patients found that honey was effective in improving chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic and allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. It is effective in the treatment of colds, flu, respiratory infections, and general depressed immune problems. 

Xylometazoline is used for rhinitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, inflammation of antrum of Highmore, and allergic illnesses of the nasal cavity and throat. Synonyms of this drug are halazoline and otrivin. 

Extended-release tablets Somnolence headache diarrhea dyspepsia blurred vision dry eyes asthenia pain rhinitis urinary tract infection hypertension nervousness confusion dry skin flatulence gastroesophageal reflux increased post-void residual volume cystitis upper respiratory tract infection cough sinusitis bronchitis dry nasal and sinus mucous membranes pharyngitis abdominal pain accidental injury back pain flu syndrome arthritis. 

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of patients include rash (including maculopapular), nausea, diarrhea, headache, vomiting, fever, cough, insomnia, asthenia, pruritus, monilia (oral), abdominal pain, constipation, dizziness, anemia, neutropenia, elevated ALT and AST, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated amylase, hyponatremia, pain, sweating, anxiety, anorexia, sinusitis, dyspepsia, rhinitis, and taste perversion. 

A 5-year-old child with diabetes, Pierre Robin syndrome, cleft palate, allergic rhinitis, recurrent sinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea, who had previously had skin rashes after penicillin, sulfonamides, and clindamycin, was given soluble and isophane human insulins (131). Three years later she developed local reactions, 2-5 cm areas, 30-120 minutes after injection. Skin-prick tests were negative for the diluent, isophane, and soluble insulin, but intradermal testing was positive with both insulins. Cetirizine and dexamethasone added to the insulin gave temporary relief. She was... 

The antibacterial enzyme lysozyme is also found in nasal secretions. Lysozyme is produced by the epithelium and mucus glands where it can attack the cell walls of susceptible microorganisms, its action being optimal at the slightly acidic microclimate pH. The pH of nasal mucus varies with age, sleep, rest, emotion, infection, and diet. When it is cold, or during rhinitis or sinusitis, the pH tends to be alkaline, which deactivates the lysozyme in mucus and therefore increases the risk of microbial infection. Under normal conditions, the nasal secretions, as indicated earlier, have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, which is the optimum pH for the activity of lysozyme. 

Respiratory sjmptoms in the MN301, US301, and MN302 trials in patients with rheumatoid arthritis included respiratory infections (21-27%), bronchitis (5-8%), increased cough (4-5%), rhinitis (2-5%), pharyngitis (2-3%), pneumonia (2-3%), and sinusitis (1-5%) (9,10,12). 

Upper respiratory tract infections inclnde otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis (croup), rhinitis, and epiglottitis. These infections are responsible for the majority of antibiotics prescribed in ambulatory practice in the United States. In 1998, the estimated cost of otitis media was 3 to 4 bUhon in the United States and 600 milhon in Canada. ... 

For chronic rhinitis and nasal sinusitis, add Flos Magnoliae (Xin Yi Hua) and Fructus Xanthii (CangEr Zi). 

In addition to skin eruptions aspirin can cause a syndrome referred to as aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) in which the classic triad of asthma, rhinitis, and aspirin sensitivity was first described by Sam ter. It is important to note that AERD has as its precursor an underlying respiratory disease such as asthma that is exacerbated by aspirin but not caused by aspirin. Briefly, the natural history of this disease indicates that the patient first develops an upper respiratory tract inflammation that persists rather than subsides. Sinusitis develops, which progresses to pansinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma noted. At some point the patient takes aspirin or some other COX-1 inhibitor and an AERD reaction occurs. Although this is truly an idiopathic reaction to NSAIDs, adult patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps should be observed carefully for the potential development of AERD. 

Ephedrine (25 to 50 mg p.o. t.i.d.) is indicated in the treatment of allergic disorders such as bronchial asthma nasal congestion in acute coryza vasomotor rhinitis, acute sinusitis, and hay fever. Ephedrine (25 to 30 mg slowly SC, IM, or IV) has been used to relieve acute bronchospasm, but epinephrine is more effective. Ephedrine is also used in shock. It is a naturally occurring sympathomimetic agent that stimulates alpha and beta receptors and CNS. It is less potent than epinephrine but has a longer duration of action (see also Figure 37). 

Phenylephrine stimulates postsynaptic alpha receptors, resulting in vasoconstriction, which rednces nasal congestion. Chlorpheniramine competitively antagonizes histamine at Hi-receptor sites. They are indicated in the symptomatic relief of coryza and nasal congestion associated with common cold, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other upper respiratory tract conditions. 

It is employed exelusively topieally to decongest the nasopharyngeal membranes in sinusitis, rhinitis and otitis media. Its on-set of action is several minutes hut its action lasts up to several hours. 

Application for headaches, tinnitus, toothache, malaria and mumps. Treatment of chronic sinusitis, ozena, topical application for chronic rhinitis and intramuscular administration for back pain. 

Olfactory disorders are often caused by affections of the nose and sinuses, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyps, nasal septal deviation, and less frequently diabetes, hepatic diseases, or renal insufficiency. In this case, even though pyrazinamide was the probable cause, a role of diabetes cannot be totally excluded. Altered sense of smell has been associated with pyrazinamide plus levofloxacin [76 ] and altered taste or smell has been reported with pyrazinamide plus isoniazid plus rifampicin and with gatifloxacin [77 ]. 

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