Rheology mucus

Holma, B. (1985). Influence of buffer capacity and pH-dependent rheological properties of respiratory mucus on health effects due to acidic pollution. Set. Total Environ. 41, 101-123. 

GP Martin, C Marriott, I Kellaway. (1976). The effect of natural surfactants on the rheological properties of mucus. J Pharm Pharmacol 28 76P. 

Madsen, F., Eberth, K., and Smart, J.D., A rheological assessment of the nature of interactions between mucoadhesive polymers and a homogenised mucus gel. Biomaterials, 19 1083-1092 (1998). 

Ewoldt, R. H., Clasen, C., Hosoi, A. E., and McKinley, G. H. (2007). Rheological fingerprinting of gastropod pedal mucus and synthetic complex fluids for biomimicking adhesive locomotion. Soft Matter 3, 634-643. 

Eylers, J. P. (2008). Mucus and slime Structure and rheology of natural polysaccharides. 

The coordination of cilia motility is controlled by neural innervation, chemical pacemaking, and hormonal stimulation, and the effects of ions such as calcium and potassium. Cilia beat in a coordinated fashion to achieve the unidirectional propulsion of mucus with the frequency of the ciliary beat, which is dependent upon the environment. Human nasal cilia have been reported to beat, in vitro, with an average frequency of 10 Hz. Any rheological abnormalities in the mucus gel, particularly those that alter the elastic properties of mucus, can greatly affect clearance and undermine ciliary activity in the nasal cavity. In such circumstances, the adhesiveness of the mucus layer may allow it to remain in contact with the underlying cell layers and retain any substances introduced into the nasal cavity. 

Chronic diseases include cystic fibrosis in which nasal mucus is thick and viscous as a result of abnormal chloride transport across the membrane of the epithelial cells, leading to reduced water secretion. Similarly, chronic sinusitis also reduces nasal mucociliary clearance due to an increase in the rheological properties of mucus. 

As noted in Section HE, both layers decrease the absorption rate, especially of large water-soluble molecules, since the diffusion coefficient is directly proportional to the reciprocal values of both the hydrodynamic radius and the viscosity of the layers. About the influence of absorption enhancers on mucus rheology very little is known. Bib salts and phospholipids are known to reduce the viscoelasticity of bronchial mucus aid probably also of mucus layers in the gastxointestinal tract [40. Hie results should be interpreted with caution since it is not the observed macro )viscosity that determines the diffusion rate in polymer... 

Lin J., Haruta A., Kawano H., Ho S.B., Adams G.L., Juhn S.K. and Kim Y. (2000) Induction of mucin gene expression in middle ear of rats by tumor necrosis factor-alpha potential cause for mucoid otitis media. J Infect Dis 182, 882-887 Madsen F., Eberth K. and Smart J.D. (1998) A Rheological examination of the Mucoadhe-sive/Mucus Interaction the Effect of Mucoadhesive Type and Concetration. J. Control Release 50, 167-178... 

It is widely held that mucus should possess specific rheological properties for clearance from the airway to occur. Any alteration in mucus rheology that compromises clearance can predispose the individual to airway disease and infection. Some agents capable of altering mucus rheology are listed in Table 9.2. In addition, the state of mucus hydration (or mucin concentration) will affect the properties of the gel. In... 

Table 9.2 Agents capable of altering the rheological properties of mucus...

Wolf, D. Sokoloski, J. Khan, M. Litt, M. Human cervical mucus. HI. Isolation and characterization of rheological active mucin. Eertil. Steril. 1977, 28, 53-58. 

Vigil, P. Perez, A. Neira, J. Morales, P. Post-partum cervical mucus biological and rheological properties. Human Reprod. 1991, 6, 475 79. 

Madsen, F. Eberth, K. Smart, J. A rheological examination of the mucoadhesive/mucus interaction the effect of mucoadhesive type and concentration. J. Con. Rel. 

Kocevar-Nared, J. Kristi, J. Smid-Korbar, J. Comparative rheological investigation of crude gastric mucin and natural gastric mucus. Biomaterials 1997, 18 (9), 677-681. 

Some glycoproteins, particularly those with numerous, generally distributed, oligosaccharide side-chains, are able to form dispersions with stringy characteristics, as in nasal mucus or salivary discharges. The rheological implications of interactions between mucus and dmgs have been studied. As yet there is no coherent view as to what the ideal mucolytic... 

Quraishi MS, Jones NS, Mason J. The rheology of nasal mucus a review. Clin Otolaryngol 1998, 23, 403-413. 

Bhat PG, Flanagan DR, Donovan MD. Drug diffusion through cystic fibrotic mucus steady-state permeation, rheologic properties, and glycoprotein morphology. J Pharm Sci 1996, 85, 624-630. 

Baneijee R, Bellare J, Puniyani R. Effect of phospholipid mixtures and surfactant formulations on rheology of polymeric gels, simulating mucus, at shear rates experienced in the tracheobronchial tree. Biochem Eng J 2001, 7, 195-200. 

ADHATODA The leaves of Adhatoda vasica, Nees, family Acanthaceae, are used in India. The constituents include the alkaloid vasicine (peganine), which has a mucolytic effect, i.e. lowers the viscosity of the bronchial mucus by depolymerisation and makes it more liquid, so that it can be transported. The mucocilliary transport of mucous to the periphery depends on the mucous having certain rheological properties. The drug is used as mucolytic in cough mixtures in the form of a liquid extract. 

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