Review hazard, various types

There are various types of analyses that are used for a process hazard analysis (PHA) of the equipment design and test procedures, including the effects of human error. Qualitative methods include checklists, What-If, and Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies. Quantitative methods include Event Trees, Fault Trees, and Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA). All of these methods require rigorous documentation and implementation to ensure that all potential safety problems are identified and the associated recommendations are addressed. The review should also consider what personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed to protect workers from injuries. 

Investigate various types of molds and identify the hazards each presents. Review methods for removal or treatment and the safety and effectiveness of each method. 

There are many methods available in the published literature that can be used to perform various types of risk analysis in marine systems. These include fault-tree analysis (FTA), failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), hazards and operability analysis (HAZOP), preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), interface safety analysis (ISA), probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), event-tree analysis (ETA), safety/review audits, and "what-if" analysis [38 2]. 

Review Techniques The review techniques used at the various stages of a project should be selected based on the amount of process information and detail available. Figure 23-47 depicts some typical review techniques at the various stages of a capital project. A detailed description, including the type and amount of process information required, for each review technique can be found in Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures Second Edition with Worked Examples (CCPS, 1992). The process information required for the review should be defined and documented in the review guidelines. Up-to-date and accurate process information is essential to conducting a successful review. 

In certain cases, such as changes created by a significant expansion, it is better to have a small group of specialists first identify the potential hazards and seek our inherently safer designs prior to any type of committee review. Brief descriptions of various approaches to hazard identification are presented in Appendix B to this chapter. 

Identifying the "type" of reaction can be useful in broadly categorizing the overall potential hazards as well as aiding in the literature search. Many literature sources refer to reactions not only by their historical name but also by their type. If a reaction step in a process can be identified in this manner, it may aid in the literature search and in keying various reviewers memories. 

The leader needs to take particular care regarding his choice of words when a problem of significant risk is identified. In particular, it is important not to place the client management in a position where he or she must follow a particular path of action when, in reality, various options are open. Therefore, any statement of the type Recommend that the following change be made... should be modified through use of words such as consider or review options for. After all, others may be able to find better ways of addressing a hazard. To reiterate what has been stated already, the purpose of a PHA is to find hazards, not to fix them. 

HAT MAKES chemicals bum or explode What are the dangers associated with high-pressure gas cylinders or glass vacuum lines How safe is it to use liquid nitrogen Recognizing hazardous physical properties is an important skill needed to keep you safe. Chemists use a wide variety of chemicals with various physical properties and many types of uncommon equipment in laboratories. Many lab incidents occur because students, or even experienced chemists, don t learn enough about chemicals and equipment before using them. This chapter reviews the many ways we can get hurt in a laboratory, and ways to stay safe in the lab. 

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