Responsive field

First, the eddy current density is damped while penetrating into the conductor (penetration effect). Here the frequency dependence of the penetration depth implies that for deep lying cracks low frequencies must be used for obtaining a sufficient current density in the vicinity of the crack. Secondly, due to the induction law the induced current density at the surface jco is diminished when using lower frequencies. Therefore, in total, there is a certain excitation frequency which results in a maximum response field from the crack. 

To find now the optimum excitation frequency, we calculate the first derivative of Equ. (3.1) to find the maximum value of the response field of cracks in different depths (Fig. 3,1). For example a crack (20 x 0.6 x 0,2 mm) in a depth of 9 mm in an aluminium sample (a = 20 MS/m) could be found with highest SNR when using a frequency of 260 Hz Here a double-D... 

This algorithm follows the following steps We define the measured map of the magnetic response field matrix A to be ... 

In an NMR context, i.e. when the field point coincides with the position of a magnetic nucleus, the implications of the separation of the response fields in eqs. (18-20) into parts generated by the various components of the shielding tensor, are appreciated by first noting that the resonance frequency for the nucleus can be written as [28]... 

When two or more vibrational modes are excited, the fourth-order response field fourth is presented as the sum of exponentially decayed modulations. 

In addition to the fourth-order response field Tfourth, the probe light generates two SH fields of the same frequency 211, the pump-free SH field Eq(2 Q), and the pump-induced non-modulated SH field non(td> 211). The ground-state population is reduced by the pump irradiation and the SH field is thereby weakened. The latter term non(td, 211) is a virtual electric field to represent the weakened SH field. Time-resolved second harmonic generation (TRSHG) has been applied to observe E on (td, 211) with a picosecond time resolution [20-25]. The fourth-order field interferes with the two SH fields to be detected in a heterodyned form. 

It is now common practice for many vendors to publish and promote their own field servicing standard, either as a stand-alone set of procedures or as part of ISO 9000 series quality standards. Since a water treatment program can so easily fail through inadequate control from the responsible field representative, such documents lay out the minimum acceptable standard for field servicing. The standards will identify the frequency of site visits and what work has to be undertaken by the field representative during each visit. 

Within this framework the input quantities are the dielectric permittivity s, the solute charge p(r) and the excluded volume cavity occupied by a solute. The response field is created by the surface charge density cr(r) (the apparent charge) arising, as a result of medium polarization, on the cavity surface S ... 

The approach described can be extended to a more complicated nonspherical case. Similar to Equation (1.154), we consider a neutral system composed of two Born spheres with 61 = 6 and 62 = — 6- It is usually called The dumbbell . For the isolated spheres we denote their charge densities as px and p2, their response fields as defined similar to the single sphere case. The solvation energy for such system equals to UsoXy = 0.5[(scalar products mean volume integrals. The reasonable estimate for separate terms in will be Ut = 0.5 ((P-p ), (i = 1, 2), Uini(R) = ( 1 2) = ( VPi)> where Ux and U2 are solvation energies obtained in terms of Equation (1.153) whereas the interaction energy is identified with Equation (1.154). In this result we assume that the... 

Few articles on receptivity present a qualitative view of particular transition routes created by not so well-defined excitation field (see e.g. Saric et al. (1999)). Such approaches do not demonstrate complete theoretical and /or experimental evidence connecting the cause (excitation field) and its effect(s) (response field). Here, a model based on linearized Navier- Stokes equation is presented to show the receptivity route for excitation applied at the wall. This requires a dynamical system approach to explain the response of the system with the help of Laplace-Fourier transform. 

Kendall (1987) performed experiments in which a circular cylinder was rotated in a circular trajectory above a flat plate shear layer to create a convecting periodic disturbance source. The speed of convection of these vortices was controlled and it was demonstrated that the underlying shear layer was strongly receptive to imposed disturbances in a narrow range of convecting speed around c = 0.317oo- In the receptive range, the response field consisted of wave packets composed of many TS waves. In this experiment the disturbance (cause) always stayed outside the shear layer. 

Thus, the given excitation creates a multi-periodic response field with nojo (for n = 1, 2, 3,.) as the frequencies in Eqn. (2.7.3). 

Table 2.3 Position of response field with respect to freestream vortices and their time of entry in the computational domain...

To emphasize the role of mode interactions, another case was considered in Sengupta et al. (2006a) where the Blasius boundary layer was excited by a wide-band excitation given by, 0.08 < coq < 0.12. If the response field for an excitation at wq is given by. 

Scene Illumination Spectral Response Field of View. ... 

Exploit capabilities of advanced instruments and platforms to form effective and responsive field measurement systems tailored to the issues... 

Categorization of CN neurons increasingly depends on many measures cellular morphology, PSTH and response-field response patterns tones, responses to wide-band stimuli and binaural stimuli, membrane channel physiology, afferent and efferent connectivity, and molecular expressions and... 

FIGURE 5.6 Response-field maps characteristic of auditory-nerve fibers (a) and central neurons. Two-tone suppression in the cochlea, not due to inhibitory synapses, may resemble panel b maps. Maps are extracted from discharge rates sampled over the stimulus intensity-frequency parameter space. The inhibitory areas represent decreases in spontaneous or evoked discharge rates by tone bursts of the frequency and intensity under test. 

Exxon, Oil Spill Response Field Manual, Exxon Production Research Company, Houston, TX, 1992. 

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