Response-recovery time

FIGURE 2.14 Response/recovery time of the hydrogen sensor based on the (NH4)4Ta,oW03o solid electrolyte (Cj = 10 ppm Cj = 100,000 ppm). (From Zhuiykov, S., Hydrogen sensor based on a new type of proton conductive ceramic, Ira. J. Hydrogen Energy 21 (1996) 749-759. With permission.)... 

Therefore, the surface and bulk modifications of microstructure of the SE in any particular case can change the metrological characteristics of the YSZ-based gas sensor. This fact has been proven by various publications, where the same material of the SE has been sintered at the different conditions, and subsequently, such characteristics of the gas sensor as sensitivity and response/recovery time at the same temperature differ significantly from one publication to another. The efficiency of such modifications can be determined by changing the value for ctoPo in nonequilibrium conditions from its equilibrium condition Oo 3o. hi case of ctoPo = cto 3o, the surface modifications cannot change the permeability of the thick electrodes because the value of Oo 3o = (Xg 35 exp (-2c0g) can only be determined by the concentration of the measuring gas within the SE and does not connect to the state of the interphase boundaries. 

RESPONSE/RECOVERY TIME. For glucose determinations, a flow rate of 2 mL/min results in an analysis time of less than 30 seconds from... 

Comparing the two optical transduction techniques (absorption or SPR) used in this work, we can conclude that SPR technique appears to be more suitable for gas sensing even if it presents some limitation regarding the suitable film thickness for SPR excitation. Moreover, the response and recovery times during the anal5fle/sensing layer interaction appears shortest in the case of optical absorption measurements. Further investigations are in... 

In addition to minimizing the acute inflammatory response, rest prevents additional injury to the affected area.13 The properties of the muscle-tendon unit are altered during the acute injury, with limitations on the ability of the muscles and tendons to stretch. Early activity predisposes a patient to further injury, but prolonged inactivity can lengthen recovery times. 

Response and recovery times of NO sensors are extremely important for their use in vivo. Theoretically, since the rate of mass transport at a microelectrode is very... 

Smooth and uniform polymer surface after vacuum plays a key role to ensure good OFRR sensing performance. We have observed in experiments that toluene after vacuum is prone to leave a number of cavities of a few micrometers in diameter on the surface. These cavities will induce additional scattering loss for the WGMs in the OFRR, which greatly degrade the g-factor, and hence the detection limit of the OFRR vapor sensor. Moreover, these small cavities have different adsorption characteristics compared to smooth polymer surface. Vapor molecules may be retained for a longer time at the cavity, which increases the response time and recovery time. Acetone and methanol are found to be better candidates for solvents because they usually leave uniform and smooth surface after vacuum. 

Additionally, the AFP is recoverable—that is, once the analyte is removed (by airflow), the sensor is ready to analyze another sample. Recovery time is generally less than one minute. In field experience, AFP films have been exposed to analyte, recovered, and exposed again through dozens of cycles before the intensity of response diminishes enough to require replacement of the AFP cartridge [7, 8],... 

Suppose an apparatus reacts on the arrival of photons or electrons with a sensitivity which, owing to external influences, depends on time. Let the response to an arrival at r be u(t). (It is essential, however, that the response is not affected by the arrival of other particles no dead time or recovery time.) When s arrivals occur at times t1,t2,...,ts the total output is U = = 1m(t[Pg.37]

For instance, conductometric transduction has been used for determination of an atrazine herbicide in the concentration range 4.6-231.8 mM [165]. A sintered glass frit was used as the support for the MIP film prepared by thermo-radical polymerization. However, both the response time of 30 min and the chemosensor recovery time of 12 h were long. For better performance, the MIP film was prepared by photo-radical co-polymerization of a chloroform solution, which contained tri (ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), MAA, and oligourethane acrylate, sandwiched between two quartz slides (Table 6). 

Table I. Effect of Water Vapor on the Device Hydrogen Response Time (tt) and Recovery Time (Td) at RT...

Response and Recovery Times. Figure 11A gives AVpg for a Pd/Si02/... 

As may be seen from Table I, the response times in hydrogen exposures of capacitor structures tend to be comparable to those of diode structures however, the capacitor structures can be susceptible to the HID phenomenon (16) especially at elevated temperatures. In general, the presence of water vapor or oxygen reduces the response and recovery times of both device classes. There are differences in gas sensing ability between the two structures. For example,. the Pd/TiOx/Si and Pd/SiOx/Si diodes do not respond to CO in... 

First, its anabolic characteristics (tissue building) which express themselves as increased and accelerated muscle tissue build-up which leads to faster recovery time after training, illness, and injuries, and to a quicker "regeneration" (I hate that word ) of the entire body. This is because an anabolic response leads to the promotion of protein synthesis and tissue repair or increase. 

Internal Standard (IS) The internal standard (IS) is a compound added in a fixed, known amount to every quantitation sample to serve as an internal control for the analysis. Most commonly, the IS is used to normalize response through determination of peak area ratio as described above. The ideal IS will track with the analyte(s) through the extraction, chromatography, and mass spectrometry to account for variable recovery, minor spills, and changes in response over time. Stable-isotope versions of the analytes are ideal IS for LC-MS quantitation, but in many cases structural analogs exhibit sufficiently similar chemistry to be useful in this role (Jemal et al., 2003 Wieling, 2002 Stokvis et al., 2005). 

Another aspect which alFects the response of a detector is the ease with which it can be purged. Many nonspectroscopic instruments have a long recovery time after a high concentration is detected-sometimes as much as one hour. The time taken to purge the cell and take a new measurement is typically less than 1 minute for a PAS based instrument... 

Figure 5 Time evolution of AOD of CV in methanol at 25 K. Closed circles show the experimental observations. The dotted lines represent the response function, the shape of which is assumed to be a sech2 function. The full width of the half maximum of the response function was 450 fs. The solid lines show theoretical fits. The bleaching recovery times were 1.7 and 6.5 ps. The faster one agrees with the previous observations [5,63]. A flattened top feature was observed near 1000 fs in the time evolution. This feature was analyzed in terms of a relaxation mechanism involving one intermediate state other than the lowest excited singlet state [5,63]. (From Refs. 1, 19, 20.)...

---