Respiratory tract pulmonary function

Acrolein (acryaldehyde, 2-propenal [CAS 107-02-8]) Highly corrosive severe bums to eyes or skin may result. Vapors extremely irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract pulmonary edema has beeh reported. Permaheht pulmonary function changes may result. 

For sensitive individuals, reduction in pulmonary lung function chest discomfort irritation of the respiratory tract, coughing and wheezing. Threshold for injury to vegetation... 

Clearance to pulmonary lymph nodes will occur at a fractional rate of 0.0001 per day. Dissolution of the deposited particles and absorption of cerium into the systemic circulation will occur at rates that are between the extremes represented by CeCh in CsCl particles and Ce oxide or Ce in fused aluminosilicate particles as given by the functions included in Figure 9. These rates should not be expected to be constant over the entire clearance period and will depend upon the overall composition of the bulk aerosol particles, which indude particle size, amount of stable lanthanide present, acidity, and the solubility of other components of the particles. The accuracy of predicting respiratory tract clearance and internal organ uptake of radiocerium will depend heavily upon adequate determination of the particle solubility characteristics. 

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease of abnormal fluid secretion. It affects cells of the exocrine glands, such as intestine, sweat glands, pancreas, reproductive tract, and especially the respiratory tract. The disease affects about 1 in 2500 infants of the Caucasian population to varying degrees of seriousness. Patients produce thickened mucus that is difficult to get out of the airway. This leads to chronic lung infection, which progressively destroys pulmonary function. 

The most frequently reported adverse reactions attributed to cromolyn sodium (on the basis of recurrence following readministration) involve the respiratory tract and include bronchospasm (sometimes severe, associated with a precipitous fall in pulmonary function [FEV- ]), cough, laryngeal edema (rare), nasal congestion... 

Figure 2.13 shows the deposition of particles in various regions of the respiratory tract as a function of particle diameter (Phalen, 1984 Phalen et al., 1991 Yeh et al., 1996). The deposition fraction of PM1() in the pulmonary and tracheobronchial regions can be quite large, so it is not surprising that health effects could be associated with these particles. Deposition in the upper portions of the respiratory system is dominated primarily by the large particles, which are readily taken out in the nose and upper airways. 

Indications Management of cystic fibrosis patients to improve pulmonary function and protection against respiratory tract infections... 

B. Indications and nse Daily administration of Pulmozyme in conjunction with standard therapies is indicated in the management of cystic hbrosis patients to improve pulmonary function. In patients with a forced vital capacity (FVC) >40% of predicted. Daily administration of Pulmozyme has also been shown to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections requiring parenteral antibiotics. 

Zanamivir is delivered directly to the respiratory tract via inhalation. Ten to twenty percent of the active compound reaches the lungs, and the remainder is deposited in the oropharynx. The concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract is estimated to be more than 1000 times the 50% inhibitory concentration for neuraminidase, and the pulmonary half-life is 2.8 hours. Five to fifteen percent of the total dose (10 mg twice daily for 5 days for treatment and 10 mg once daily for prevention) is absorbed and excreted in the urine with minimal metabolism. Potential adverse effects include cough, bronchospasm (occasionally severe), reversible decrease in pulmonary function, and transient nasal and throat discomfort. 

To estimate inhalation contact exposure, some assumptions must be made which err on the side of conservatism and which should be modified as more complete data become available. It is necessary to know the droplet size spectrum of the spray because the diameter of the droplet influences its movement down the respiratory system (11). The functional unit of the lung is the alveolus, which is the terminal branch in the system. It is presumed that pesticide particles which are soluble in respiratory tract fluid and are 5p or less in diameter will reach the alveolus where they will be readily absorbed through the cells of the alveolar membrane into the pulmonary capillary beds and hence into the circulatory system. A recent review by Lippmann at al. (12) discusses in depth the deposition, retention and clearance of inhaled particles. 

Bis(tributyltin)oxide has been implicated in producing irritation of the upper respiratory tract and chest irritation, tightness, and pain in workers using a rubber material containing bis(tributyltin)oxide. Exposure conditions were not described. No changes were observed in pulmonary function tests (NIOSH 1976). 

Additional studies on the toxicity of chlorine in experimental animals are needed to better define the health effects of exposure at concentrations of 0.5—4 ppm, 24 h/d for up to 10 d. These studies should include evaluation of short-term effects, on pulmonary function and on long-term effects such as inflammation of the respiratory tract and pulmonary fibrosis. Studies are also needed on the interactive effects of chlorine with other gases found in disabled submarines. 

Dermal or intravenous exposure to lewisite leads to local skin edema and pulmonary edema due to increased capillary permeability. The increased capillary permeability results in blood plasma loss and resultant physiological responses collectively referred to as lewisite shock . Lewisite shock may be likened to shock observed in severe bum cases. It has been hypothesized that functional changes in the lungs, kidneys, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems may be the result of a disturbance of osmotic equilibrium (Goldman and Dacre, 1989). 

For example, overt ocular and/or respiratory tract irritation, dyspnea, pulmonary function changes, provocation of asthma episodes, pathology (respiratory tract), mild narcosis, and methemoglobin formation (approximately 40%) have been used as a basis for AEGL-2 values. 

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