Pulmonary lymph nodes

Clearance to pulmonary lymph nodes will occur at a fractional rate of 0.0001 per day. Dissolution of the deposited particles and absorption of cerium into the systemic circulation will occur at rates that are between the extremes represented by CeCh in CsCl particles and Ce oxide or Ce in fused aluminosilicate particles as given by the functions included in Figure 9. These rates should not be expected to be constant over the entire clearance period and will depend upon the overall composition of the bulk aerosol particles, which indude particle size, amount of stable lanthanide present, acidity, and the solubility of other components of the particles. The accuracy of predicting respiratory tract clearance and internal organ uptake of radiocerium will depend heavily upon adequate determination of the particle solubility characteristics. 

Liebscher, K., Schoenfeld, T. and Schaller, A. (1961). Concentration of inhaled cerium-144 in pulmonary lymph nodes of human beings, Nature 192,1308. 

Issues regarding the influence of duration or intensity of exposure in relation to effect on autoimmune disease processes are questions that have not been established, with some inconsistencies seen in the epidemiologic studies (Table 25.2). Dose or intensity of silica exposure affects the clearance from the lung and silica-containing macrophages can be translocated to pulmonary lymph nodes. Increased production of immunoglobulins and of lymphocyte-derived interferon-gamma is seen at these sites.49... 

The pulmonary lymphatic system contributes to the clearance of fluid and protein from the lung tissue interstitium and helps to prevent fluid accumulation in the lungs [108], The lymphatic endothelium allows micron-sized particles (e.g. lipoproteins, plasma proteins, bacteria and immune cells) to pass freely into the lymph fluid [103], After administration of aerosolised ultrafine particles into rats, particles were found in the alveolar walls and in pulmonary lymph nodes [135], which suggests that drainage into the lymph may contribute to the air-to-blood transport of the inhaled particles. 

It is still unknown what role the candidate chemokines and chemokine receptors play in lymphocyte trafficking to the airways, lung parenchyma, or pulmonary lymph nodes, although additional study should be forthcoming. 

The mummy of Har-mose, the Singer of the eighteenth dynasty, who died about 1490 b.c. (cf Lansing and Hayes 1937) showed pulmonary anthracosis, emphysema, and an old pleural adhesion (Shaw 1938). The pulmonary lymph nodes were loaded with carbon pigment but no silica was detected with crossed Nicol prisms. 

The American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting (AJC) classified and mapped the regional pulmonary lymph nodes in 1979 (see Tisi et al. 1983). 

Fig. 193. Numerous secondary lysosomes in a macrophage from a pulmonary lymph node (block 1973) of an unmedicated 345 g rat. Under pentobarbital anaesthesia (30 mg/kg), the animal was perfused from the abdominal aorta with 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Postfixation with 1 % osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer. Embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at 50 nm. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Film 1075/79...

Skin/respiratory - sarcoidosis A female patient with multiple sclerosis developed sarcoidosis 3 years after continuous therapy with IFNp. The patient presented witir low-grade fevers, dyspnoea on exertion, diffuse arthralgias and rash. Noncaseating granulomas and endobronchial biopsies of pulmonary lymph nodes contributed to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Withdrawal of IFNp combined with a course of corticosteroids and antirheumatic drug therapy led to resolution of the condition [60 ]. 

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