Respiratory system edema

Mild exposure to HF via inhalation can irritate the nose, throat, and respiratory system. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours. Severe exposure via inhalation can cause nose and throat bums, lung inflammation, and pulmonary edema, and can also result in other systemic effects including hypocalcemia (depletion of body calcium levels), which if not promptly treated can be fatal. Permissible air concentrations are (42) OSHA PEL, 3 ppm (2.0 mg/m ) as E OSHA STEL, 6 ppm (5.2 mg/m ) as E and ACGIH TLV, 3 ppm (2.6 mg/m ) as E. Ingestion can cause severe mouth, throat, and stomach bums, and maybe fatal. Hypocalcemia is possible even if exposure consists of small amounts or dilute solutions of HE. 

Inhalation exposure to high concentrations of ethylene oxide has been reported to result in respiratory system irritation and edema (236). 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Full protective clothing gas mask or self-contained breathing apparatus Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation causes irritation of respiratory system, pulmonary edema, and systemic effects. Vsqrar irritates eyes. Liquid causes severe burns of eyes and severe irritation or burns of mouth and stomach General Treatment... 

The oxides of nitrogen are somewhat sol in w, reacting with it in the presence of oxygen to form nitric and nitrous acids. This is the action that takes place deep in the respiratory system. The acids formed are irritants, causing congestion of the throat and bronchi, and edema of the lungs. The acids are neutralized by the alkalies present in the tissues, with the formation of nitrates and nitrites. The latter may cause some arterial dilation, fall in blood press, headache and dizziness, and there may be some formation of methemoglobin. However, the nitrite effect is of secondary importance... 

Nitric oxide (NO) is severely irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Effects may be delayed for several hours following exposure. Corrosive. Inhalation may result in chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Nonflammable. Oxidizer. This product accelerates the combustion of combustible material. 

Rat (Fischer- 344) 4 hr Resp 1120 (severe acute irritation of the respiratory system, perivascular and peribronchial edema) Kinkead et al. 1992b (MIL-H-83282LT)... 

Claims for acute hydrogen sulfide exposure that occurred over a 5-year period (1969-1973) in Alberta, Canada, primarily among petrochemical workers, were reviewed by Burnett et al. (1977). Acute effects noted included coma, disequilibrium, and respiratory insufficiency with pulmonary edema. Of 221 cases, there were 14 deaths. A follow-up study of 250 workers claims for hydrogen sulfide exposure from 1979 to 1983 in Alberta, Canada, found 7 fatalities that usually involved the central nervous and respiratory systems hepatic congestion and cardiac petechiae were also noted (Arnold et al. 1985). The difference in fatality rate (6% down to 2.8%) was attributed to improved first aid training and an increased awareness of the dangers of hydrogen sulfide. 

Causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, CNS stimulation, skin irritation, sensitization. Causes severe eye and skin burns. May cause severe tearing, conjunctivitis, and corneal edema. Inhalation may cause difficulties ranging from coughing and nausea to accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). 

Some occupational situations, if inadequately controlled, can create opportunities for damage to the respiratory system. Exposure to certain forms of the metals nickel and cadmium, ordinarily as airborne particulates, can cause cellular damage, edema, and, if sustained for sufficiently long periods, emphysema. Many other metals, usually only in some of their many chemical forms, can produce emphysema upon subchronic or chronic exposure. 

Symptoms of exposure Irritation of the respiratory system, eyes, pulmonary edema (Patnaik, 1992)... 

Symptoms of exposure Strong irritation to the eyes, skin, throat, and respiratory system pulmonary edema. Skin contact may cause dermatitis and skin burns (Patnaik, 1992). 

Animal studies also indicate that the respiratory system is a major target of toxicity following inhalation exposure to chlorine dioxide. Dalhamn (1957) reported the results of several inhalation studies in laboratory animals. In one study, a single 2-hour inhalation exposure of four rats to a chlorine dioxide concentration of 260 ppm (728 mg/m ) resulted in pulmonary edema and nasal bleeding. Respiratory distress was reported in three other rats subjected to 3 weekly 3-minute exposures to decreasing concentrations of airborne chlorine dioxide from 3,400 to 800 ppm (from 9,520 to 2,240 mg/m ) bronchopneumonia was observed in two of these rats. In a third rat study, repeated exposure to approximately 10 ppm (28 mg/m ) of chlorine dioxide (4 hours/day for 9 days in a 13-day period) resulted in rhinonhea, altered respiration, and respiratory infection. No indications of adverse effects were seen in rats exposed to approximately 0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m ) of chlorine dioxide 5 hours /day for 10 weeks. 

Respiratory Effects. Data on the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the respiratory system are limited to observations of hemorrhagic congestion and edema in the lungs of humans after acute, high-level inhalation and oral exposures (Umiker and Pearch 1953). These effects appear to be secondary to severe renal injury rather than to a direct action on the lung. Although such effects are secondary, their severity warrants some concern as a potential risk associated with exposure to relatively high doses of carbon tetrachloride. 

Toxins (gases, vapors, or aerosols) may injure respiratory tissue, or they may cause systemic toxicity by penetrating the tissue and entering the circulation. Injuries to the respiratory system vary in severity (depending on the agent and the degree of intoxication) from irritation to edema, fibrosis, or neoplasia. The site of toxicity depends on the water solubihty of a gas or on the size of aerosol particles or droplets. 

Volatile irritants such as ammonia and chlorine initially cause constriction of the bronchioles. These two gases are water soluble, are absorbed in the aqueous secretions of the upper airways of the respiratory system, and may not cause permanent damage. Irritant damage may however lead to changes in permeability and edema, the accumulation of fluid. Some irritants such as arsenic compounds cause bronchitis. 

The antibody, a homocy to tropic antibody, circulates in the bloodstream, but has a high affinity for the surface of mast cells and binds to receptors on the surface (Fig. 6.31). This type of reaction, which occurs quickly after reexposure, underlies reactions in the respiratory system (asthma, rhinitis), skin (urticaria), gastrointestinal tract (food allergies), and vascular system (anaphylactic shock). Type I reactions can be severe, causing difficulty in breathing, loss of blood pressure, anoxia, edema in the respiratory tract, and bronchospasm, which may prove fatal. 

Inflammatory changes consisting of hyperemia and bronchitis were observed in the respiratory system of rabbits exposed to 4-6 mg/m (0.30-0.45 ppm) tributyltin chloride for 95 days (Gohlke et al. 1969). Histopathology, consisting of severe bronchitis and vascular and alveolar edema, was seen in rats exposed to 2 mg tin/m (0.41 ppm) as a mixture of tributyltin dibromide (0.39 ppm), dibutyltin bromide (0.02 ppm) and hydrocarbon impurities for 80 days (Iwamoto 1960). Since these were terminal histopathological evaluations only, it is not known whether the changes were reversible or would have produced functional impairment in the animals if exposure had continued. 

Vapor severely irritates the respiratory system there may be sudden or delayed pulmonary edema. Vapor and liquid burn the eyes and skin. Swallowing causes severe internal irritation and damage. Avoid breathing vapor. Prevent contact with eyes and skin.2 TLV 0.1 ppm (0.63 mg/m3).7... 

A deep lung irritant, ozone causes pulmonary edema, which can be fatal. It is also strongly irritating to the upper respiratory system and eyes and is largely responsible for the unpleasantness... 

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