Pulmonary respiratory system

E promotes air flow through the bronchioles by causing relaxation of their smooth muscle (bronchodilatation) nd thus allows for increased alveolar ventilation. The increased blood flow through the lungs (see above) and the increased alveolar ventilation ensure maximal oxygenation of blood. 

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Mild exposure to HF via inhalation can irritate the nose, throat, and respiratory system. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours. Severe exposure via inhalation can cause nose and throat bums, lung inflammation, and pulmonary edema, and can also result in other systemic effects including hypocalcemia (depletion of body calcium levels), which if not promptly treated can be fatal. Permissible air concentrations are (42) OSHA PEL, 3 ppm (2.0 mg/m ) as E OSHA STEL, 6 ppm (5.2 mg/m ) as E and ACGIH TLV, 3 ppm (2.6 mg/m ) as E. Ingestion can cause severe mouth, throat, and stomach bums, and maybe fatal. Hypocalcemia is possible even if exposure consists of small amounts or dilute solutions of HE. 

Tlie respiratory system is tlie main target organ for vapour, gas or mist. Readily-soluble cheirticals, e.g. chlorine or phosgene, attack the upper respiratory tract less soluble gases, e.g. oxides of nitrogen, penetrate more deeply into the conducting airways and, in some cases, may cause pulmonary oedema, often after a time delay. 

Prolonged exposure may cause pulmonary oedema Systemic symptoms may occur in 0.5 to 1 hr Rapid collapse, respiratory paralysis imminent Immediately fatal... 

Health effects attributed to sulfur oxides are likely due to exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosols, and sulfur dioxide adsorbed onto particulate matter. Alone, sulfur dioxide will dissolve in the watery fluids of the upper respiratory system and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Sulfur dioxide reacts with other substances in the atmosphere to form sulfate aerosols. Since most sulfate aerosols are part of PMj 5, they may have an important role in the health impacts associated with fine particulates. However, sulfate aerosols can be transported long distances through the atmosphere before deposition actually occurs. Average sulfate aerosol concentrations are about 40% of average fine particulate levels in regions where fuels with high sulfur content are commonly used. Sulfur dioxide adsorbed on particles can be carried deep into the pulmonary system. Therefore, reducing concentrations of particulate matter may also reduce the health impacts of sulfur dioxide. Acid aerosols affect respiratory and sensory functions. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Full protective clothing gas mask or self-contained breathing apparatus Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation causes irritation of respiratory system, pulmonary edema, and systemic effects. Vsqrar irritates eyes. Liquid causes severe burns of eyes and severe irritation or burns of mouth and stomach General Treatment... 

Nitric oxide (NO) is severely irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Effects may be delayed for several hours following exposure. Corrosive. Inhalation may result in chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Nonflammable. Oxidizer. This product accelerates the combustion of combustible material. 

Claims for acute hydrogen sulfide exposure that occurred over a 5-year period (1969-1973) in Alberta, Canada, primarily among petrochemical workers, were reviewed by Burnett et al. (1977). Acute effects noted included coma, disequilibrium, and respiratory insufficiency with pulmonary edema. Of 221 cases, there were 14 deaths. A follow-up study of 250 workers claims for hydrogen sulfide exposure from 1979 to 1983 in Alberta, Canada, found 7 fatalities that usually involved the central nervous and respiratory systems hepatic congestion and cardiac petechiae were also noted (Arnold et al. 1985). The difference in fatality rate (6% down to 2.8%) was attributed to improved first aid training and an increased awareness of the dangers of hydrogen sulfide. 

Causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, CNS stimulation, skin irritation, sensitization. Causes severe eye and skin burns. May cause severe tearing, conjunctivitis, and corneal edema. Inhalation may cause difficulties ranging from coughing and nausea to accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). 

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