Respiratory disorders pneumonia

Respiratory Effects. One study suggested increased respiratory disorders (asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia) in children with chronic exposure to a solvent-contaminated water supply (Byers et al. 1988). Two municipal wells in eastern Woburn, Massachusetts, were found to contain several solvents including trichloroethylene (267 ppb) and tetrachloroethylene (21 ppb). The increased susceptibility to infection may be secondary to effects on the immune system. Accurate chemical-specific exposure levels for individuals could not be determined because the water distribution system was designed to use water from different wells at different rates and times. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. 

Allosedamine 157 is a relatively simple piperidine alkaloid which was isolated more than 60 years ago by Wieland and co-workers from Lobelia inflate. It has good activity against respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The key step of the current synthesis (Scheme 29) is an RCM of enone ester 155 which closes the... 

You may never really think about breathing—until it becomes hard to do. In certain situations, normal human respiratory functions are disrupted. Hospitals use compressed oxygen for patients with respiratory disorders such as emphysema, pneumonia, or lung cancer. 

In a retrospective review pulmonary toxicity was defined as dyspnea, interstitial pneumonitis, lung disorder, lung edema, lung fibrosis, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, and respiratory distress syndrome (8). Based on 4448 patients, the incidences of dyspnea and other... 

The reverse of alkalosis is a condition known as acidosis. This condition is often caused by a depletion of HCO ions from the blood, which can occur as a result of kidney dysfunction. The kidney controls the excretion of HCO j" ions. If there are too few HCO j" ions in solution, the forward reaction is favored and H3O+ ions accumulate, which lowers the blood s pH. Acidosis can also result from the body s inability to expel CO2, which can occur during pneumonia, emphysema, and other respiratory disorders. Perhaps the single most common cause of acidosis is uncontrolled diabetes, in which acids normally excreted in the urinary system are instead retained by the body. 

Allosedamine (113) and (+)-sedamine (119), two piperidine alkaloids isolated from Lobelia inflate, have been used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. While several racemic syntheses have been reported, there are much less asymmetric ones. An enantioselective route to (—)-aUosedamine (113) was developed by Raghaven et al, which commenced with addition of lithium compound 110 to the imine 109 providing the separable aUyUc amine 111 as a 3 1 mixture of diastereoisomers (Scheme 2.27) [45, 46). Six... 

ALS is a disorder of the motor neurons and the cortical neurons that provide their input. The disorder is characterized by rapidly progressive weakness and muscle atrophy. Most affected patients die of respiratory compromise and pneumonia after 2 to 3 years. There is prominent loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem although the oculomotor neurons are spared. Large pyramidal motor neurons in layer V of motor cortex, which are the origin of the descending corticospinal tracts, are also lost. 

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) are X-linked, allelic, neuromuscular diseases. DMD/BMD are characterized by progressive muscular weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle. DMD is the most common recessive lethal disease, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 newborns, and according to estimates, one-third of the cases are linked with new mutations (M3). Clinical symptoms of the disease appear earlier, by 2 to 3 years of age, in the form of retarded motor development. Progressive symptomatic children show weakness and wasting of muscle and are usually wheelchair bound approximately by the age of 11-12 years. It has been reported that most patients die at about the age of 20 due to pneumonia, which is related to chronic respiratory insufficiency. BMD—being the rarer allelic disorder—has a milder clinical course with slower disease progression. The BMD-affected patients usually survive beyond the age of 30. 

Puimonary disorders Dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans, interstitial pneumonitis, and sarcoidosis, some resulting in respiratory failure and/or patient deaths, may be induced or aggravated by peginterferon alfa-2a or alpha interferon therapy. 

Toxicity Acute, prolonged exposure in workplaces has caused a variety of health disorders in workers (e.g., erythema, edema, skin peeling, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, paresthesia, CNS depression, peripheral nerve disorders, skin and respiratory irritation, chemical pneumonia in children).7 In addition, rubber solvents, varnish, thinners, and petroleum spirits cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and hematologic effects in workers all demand proper handling and chemical safety. 

The most commonly observed disease process leading to death of patients with EMS was progressive polyneuropathy (disease involving the peripheral nerves) and myopathy (disease of muscles) that produced complications of pneumonia and sepsis or respiratory failure due to weakness. Two-thirds of EMS patients died of these complications. Other causes of mortality were cardiomyopathy (disorder affecting the muscles of the heart), primary pulmonary disease, arrhythmia (deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart), and stroke. 

In adults, a severe form of lung injury can develop in association with sepsis, pneumonia, and injury to the lungs due to trauma or surgery. This catastrophic disorder is known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and has a mortality rate of more than 40%. In ARDS, one of the major problems is a massive influx of activated neurophils which damage both vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium and result in massive pulmonary edema and impairment of surfactant function. Neutrophil proteinases (e.g., elastase) break down surfactant proteins. A potential therapeutic strategy in ARDS involves administration of both surfactant and antiproteinases (e.g., recombinant a I -antitrypsin). 

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