Critical resolution

Key words Macromolecular Complementarity, Docking, Electron Density, Crystallographic Medium Resolution, Critical Points, Genetic Algorithms... 

Hot-wire anemometers have traditionally been applied in the fields of experimental fluid mechanics and aerospace engineering. Despite the possibilities to measure real-time physical parameters such as temperature, velocity, flow rates, and shear stress, the spatial resolution is limited to the device dimension. The advent of MicroElectroMe-chanical system (MEMS) and nano-scale thermal sensors has revolutionized the spatial and temporal resolution critical to gain entry into micro-fluidics, micro-circulation, biomedical sciences, and cardiovascular medicine. These micro/nano devices are fabricated with the Semiconductor-... 

In many cases, imaging resolution critically depends on the tip-sample interaction. For soft surfaces, contact pressure of the tip will lead to sample deformation and reduced resolution. Understanding the forces acting between the tip and the sample... 

The detectability of critical defects with CT depends on the final image quality and the skill of the operator, see figure 2. The basic concepts of image quality are resolution, contrast, and noise. Image quality are generally described by the signal-to-noise ratio SNR), the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the noise power spectrum (NFS). SNR is the quotient of a signal and its variance, MTF describes the contrast as a function of spatial frequency and NFS in turn describes the noise power at various spatial frequencies [1, 3]. 

For very high mass, when sensitivity is frequently critical, the reflectron is not used and lower resolution is accepted. 

The resolution achievable by an array assembly depends critically on the number of elements in the array, the separation of one element from another, and the degree of dispersion of the ions in the ion beam. 

The purpose of the criticaUty rating is to provide guidance as to which failure modes require resolution. However, critical modes of failure resulting in unsafe operation should be given special attention, and design/verification actions should be taken to ensure that they never occur. 

Disc Electrophoresis. Resolution in zone electrophoresis depends critically on getting sample components to migrate in a focused band, thus some techniques ate employed to concentrate the sample as it migrates through the gel. The most common technique is referred to as discontinuous pH or disc electrophoresis. Disc electrophoresis employs a two-gel system, where the properties of the two gels are different. 

Other technique—for example, dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry or forward recoil spectrometry—that rely on mass differences can use the same type of substitution to provide contrast. However, for hydrocarbon materials these methods attain a depth resolution of approximately 13 nm and 80 nm, respectively. For many problems in complex fluids and in polymers this resolution is too poor to extract critical information. Consequently, neutron reflectivity substantially extends the depth resolution capabilities of these methods and has led, in recent years, to key information not accessible by the other techniques. 

In a chromatographic separation, the individual components of a mixture are moved apart in the column due to their different affinities for the stationary phase and, as their dispersion is contained by appropriate system design, the individual solutes can be eluted discretely and resolution is achieved. Chromatography theory has been developed over the last half century, but the two critical theories, the Plate Theory and the Rate Theory, were both well established by 1960. There have been many contributors to chromatography theory over the intervening years but, with the... 

However, any given column operated at a specific flow rate will exhibit a range of efficiencies depending on the nature and capacity ratio of the solute that is chosen for efficiency measurement. Consequently, under exceptional circumstances, the predicted conditions for the separation of the critical pair may not be suitable for another pair, and the complete resolution of all solutes may still not be obtained. 

For DCH, the original document (NUREG/CR-6075) was with criticism, but consensus w.i.s aciiieved in the supplimentary report that proposed a basis for extrapolation to all PWRs eiih Zion-like features. Resolution of DCH for ice-condenser plants, and CE and B W plants w i also achieved. 

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