Residues in fish

The identification of PCB residues in fish, wildlife, and human tissues has been reported since the 1970s (9—13,20—26). The results of these analytical studies led to the ultimate ban on further use and production of these compounds. The precise composition of PCB extracts from biota samples is highly variable and depends, in part, on the specific analyte and the commercial PCB preparations associated with a contaminated area (14). PCBs found in a composite human milk sample from Michigan (26) were highly complex, and the congener composition and their relative concentrations did not resemble any of the commercial PCB preparations. This fact raises obvious problems with regard to the ha2ard assessment of PCB mixtures (27). 

Novak B, Ahmad N. 1989. Residues in fish exposed to sublethal doses of endosulfan and fish collected from cotton growing area. J Environ Sci Health B24 97-109. 

TEF Values for Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Used in a Study of Residues in Fish... 

Walsh, D.F., B.L. Berger, and J.R. Bean. 1977. Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 11 5-34. 

Winger, P.V. and J.K. Andreasen. 1985. Contaminant residues in fish and sediments from lakes in the Atachafalaya River basin (Louisiana). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14 579-586. 

Gunkel, G. 1981. Bioaccumulation of a herbicide (atrazine, s-triazine) in the whitefish (Coregonus fera J.) uptake and distribution of the residue in fish. Arch. Hydmbiol. Suppl. 59(2/3) 252-287. 

Past chlordane use, coupled with atmospheric transport as the major route of dissemination, produced global contamination of fish and wildlife resources and human populations. The chemical and its metabolites were frequently detected in all species examined, but usually at low concentrations. Residues in fish muscle sometimes exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.3 mg/kg fresh weight recommended for human health protection. In general, chlordane in animals is highest near areas where the chemical has been applied to control termites concentrations are highest in fat and liver, especially in predatory species. 

Hunter, R.G., J.H. Carroll, and J.C. Randolph. 1980. Organochlorine residues in fish of Lake Texoma, October 1979. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 14 102-107. 

Kuehl, D.W., E.N. Leonard, B.C. Butterworth, and K.L. Johnson. 1983. Polychlorinated chemical residues in fish from major watersheds near the Great Lakes, 1979. Environ. Int. 9 293-299. 

Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, E.N. Leonard, F.A. Puglisi, and A.E. Lemke. 1979. Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from major watersheds of the United States, 1976. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 13 1-11. 

Marquis, P.J., M. Hackett, L.G. Holland, and M.L. Larsen. 1994. Analytical methods for a national study of chemical residues in fish. I. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans. Chemosphere 29 495-508. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992a. National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish. Vol. /.U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. EPA 823-R-92-008a. 304 pp. 

Acute Chronic Residues in fish tissues 0.21 pg/L (USPHS 1994) 0.0002 pg/L (USPHS 1994) 5.0 mg/kg maximum, wet weight basis USEPA 1980a) 0.4-0.6 pg/kg maximum, wet weight basis (Mayer and Mehrle 1977)... 

In water, the concentration of toxaphene considered safe for protection of freshwater life is conservatively estimated to lie between 0.008 and 0.013 pg/L for marine life, it is 0.07 pg/L. This is in sharp contrast to the current recommended drinking water criterion for human health protection of 5.0 to 8.8 pg/L. Similarly, residues in fish tissue in excess of 0.4 to 0.6 mg/kg wet weight may be hazardous to fish health and should be considered as presumptive evidence of significant environmental contamination, although fish may contain up to 5.0 mg/kg before they are considered hazardous to human consumers. Toxaphene criteria for human health protection — which range in various foods from 0.1 mg/kg for sunflower seeds to 7.0 mg/kg in meat, fats, and citrus fruits — also appear adequate to safeguard sensitive species of wildlife. 

Ribick, M.A., G.R. Dubay, J.D. Petty, D.L. Stalling, and CJ. Schmitt. 1982. Toxaphene residues in fish identification, quantification and confirmation at part per billion levels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 310-318. Rice, C.P. 1993. Homologue concentrations of chlorobomanes in selected samples from the Bering/Chukchi Sea. Chemosphere 27 1937-1947. 

Schmitt, C.J., J.L. Ludke, and D.F.Walsh. 1981. Organochlorine residues in fish, National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor Jour. 14 136-206. 

White, D.H., C.A. Mitchell, H.D. Kennedy, AJ. Krynitsky, and M.A. Ribick. 1983. Elevated DDE and toxaphene residues in fishes and birds reflect local contamination in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Southwest. Natur. 28 325-333. 

Endrin levels can build up (bioaccumulate) in the tissues of organisms that live in water. In the 1986 EPA National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish, concentrations of endrin were found in... 

EPA. 1992b. National study of chemical residues in fish. Volume I. Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC. EPA-823-R-92-008A. 

Stalling DL, Tindle RC, lohnson IL. 1972. Cleanup of pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in fish extracts by gel permeation chromatography. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 55 32. 

Butler PA. 1973. Residues in fish, wildlife, and estuaries Organochlorine residues in estuarine mollusks, 1965-72--National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic Monit J 6(4) 238-362. 

Hodgson DW, Kantor EJ, Mann JB. 1978. Analytical methodology for the determination of Kepone residues in fish, shellfish, and Hi-Vol air filters. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 7(1 ) 99-112. 

Distribution. Generally the highest concentration of PCB residues in fish are in tissues of high lipid content. In Table V juvenile coho salmon were fed equal amounts of three chlorobi-phenyls for 117 days. Fish were then killed and lipid content and PCB concentration of various tissues determined (33). Tissues are arranged from top to bottom in order of increasing PCB concentration. For most tissues, but not all, as lipid content increases so does PCB concentration. Lipid content and PCB concentration are low in liver and white muscle, intermediate in spinal column and lateral line muscle, and high in adipose tissue. Lipid content cannot be the sole determinant of PCB concentration in fish tissues because a discrepancy exists between lipid content of brain, heart and spleen and PCB concentration. 

Aquatic Ecosystem and Fish. Metcalf et al. (2) studied the fate of diflubenzuron (radiolabeled separately in three different positions) in their model ecosystem. Diflubenzuron was dubbed "moderately persistent" in algae, snails, salt marsh caterpillars, and mosquito larvae as evidenced by limited biodegradability (Table IV). However, diflubenzuron and its nonpolar metabolites were not prone to ecological magnification in Gambusia fish. The lack of bioaccumulation of diflubenzuron residues in fish was substantiated by Booth and Ferrell (14) who used the channel catfish, Ictalurus, in a simulated lake ecosystem. They treated separate soil samples at 0.007 and 0.55 ppm, respectively. 

Burkhard, L.P. Cook, P.M. Mount, D.R. 2003, The relationship of bioaccumulative chemicals in water and sediment to residues in fish A visualization approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 2822-2830. 

Takino, M., Daishima, S., and Nakahara, T. (2003). Determination of chloramphenicol residues in fish meats by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry.. Chromatogr. A 1011, 67 75. 

Jacobs, M.N., Santillo, D., Johnston, P.A., Wyatt, C.L., and French, M.C. (1998) Organochlorine residues in fish oil dietary supplements compatison with industrial grade oils. Chemosphere 37 1709-1721. 

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